Office of Science and Technology Policy Blog

Ensuring a Reliable Supply of Medical Radioisotopes

Seoul, South Korea: U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu today joined Dr Bernard Bigot, head of French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Deputy Prime Minister of Belgium, Mrs. Joelle Milquet, and Minister of Foreign Affairs Dr. Uri Rosenthal from the Netherlands in announcing their common understanding to help minimize the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU) in the production of medical isotopes.

Every year 30 million people around the world undergo medical diagnostic procedures that use the radioactive isotope technetium-99 metastable (Tc-99m), which is the most commonly used medical radioisotope.  The Tc-99m procedures include tests that can tell doctors how well the heart is functioning, whether cancer is present, and other critical medical information.  Of the 30 million Tc-99m procedures conducted worldwide every year, over half are performed in the United States. 

Tc-99m is derived from molybdenum-99 (Mo-99).  Most of the world’s supply of Mo-99 is produced today in nuclear reactors where targets containing highly-enriched uranium (HEU) are irradiated and subsequently processed into pure Mo-99.  But HEU is a very dangerous substance and is one of the materials slated to be secured under the President’s four-year lock-down agenda.  These dangers were central to the work plan of the 2010 Nuclear Security Summit.  Luckily, new technology is allowing Mo-99 to be produced without using HEU, andmost of the world is in the process of converting to non-HEU-based technology. 

U.S. Winter 2011-2012 is Fourth Warmest in Recorded History

New data released last week by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) showed that the 2011-2012 winter season was the fourth warmest ever recorded in the United States.

The data were published in NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center State of the Climate report, which provides regularly updated climate and weather information for regions across the United States.

The data show that this past winter was generally both warmer than average and drier than average for the lower 48 States. The average temperature across these states for December through February was 36.8 degrees F, nearly 4 degrees higher than the long-term average for U.S. winters from 1901 – 2000. Precipitation was down 12 percent on average, and when it came to snow, the United States experienced its third smallest winter snow-cover footprint—square miles of snow-cover, as measured by satellites—since recording began 46 years ago.

More than half of the United States experienced winters that ranked in their top 10 warmest winters ever recorded.

In addition to temperature and precipitation data, NOAA collects and publishes information on extreme weather events across the country. This information is communicated using NOAA’s U.S. Climate Extremes Index, an index that tracks the frequency of extreme climate indicators such as very high or low temperatures, droughts, and tropical cyclones across the United States during a given period. The Climate Extremes Index this winter ranked ninth highest among since recording began more than a century ago.

Although it’s clear that human-caused climate change has made unusually warm seasons and weather extremes more likely in many regions, it’s not possible to fully attribute any single warm period or weather event to human-caused climate change. But it’s important to recognize that such certainty of attribution is not necessary to justify taking action to minimize human contributions to climate change.  

After all, it’s impossible to say with certainty that cigarette smoking was the cause of any individual smoker’s lung cancer, since a minority of cases do have other causes. But given the overwhelming evidence that tobacco use increases risks for many types of cancer—that, in fact,  cigarette smoking is the No. 1 risk factor for lung cancer—it makes sense to support smoking cessation programs.

In the same way, no one can say why this past winter was as warm as it was. But scientists around the world have concluded overwhelmingly that modern climate change trends are primarily attributable to human activities. So doesn’t it make sense to kick some of our most egregious energy habits before the prognosis gets even more dire?

To read NOAA’s full State of the Climate Report, please visit: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/

State-by-state information on winter 2011-2012 temperatures is represented above. Redder colors indicate states in which this winter was relatively warm compared to previous winters; white indicates states in which this winter was near-normal. No state had below-normal temperatures. Numbers indicate state-by-state rankings of winter 2011-2012 temperatures within the 117-year NOAA temperature dataset for each state; 117 would indicate the warmest winter on record; 1 would indicate the coldest winter on record. (Graphic courtesy NOAA)

Phil Duffy is a Senior Policy Analyst and Becky Fried is a Policy Analyst at OSTP