Remarks by the President at Ottumwa, Iowa Town Hall

4:28 P.M. CDT

THE PRESIDENT:  Hello, everybody!  Hello, Ottumwa!  (Applause.)  Good to see you!  Good to see you!  Thank you so much, everybody.  Thank you.  (Applause.)  Everybody, please have a seat.  Everybody have a seat.  It is good to be back in Ottumwa.  (Applause.)  I missed you guys. 

AUDIENCE MEMBER:  We missed you!

THE PRESIDENT:  There are a couple of special folks that I want to make sure that I acknowledge.  First of all, used to be your governor, now your Secretary of Agriculture -- Tom Vilsack is in the house.  (Applause.)  Your Attorney General, Tom Miller, is in the house.  (Applause.)  The mayor of Ottumwa, Dale Uehling. (Applause.)  And college president, our host, Jim Lindenmayer.  (Applause.) 

Jim was bragging about the ball team here.  (Applause.)  All right, we can go out there and shoot a little bit.  (Laughter.)  They seem very confident.

It is wonderful to see all of you.  And thanks for the wonderful welcome.  Before I begin, I just want to briefly mention the continued resilience of folks up in the Cedar Rapids area in the wake of the flood that devastated the region a few years back.  It has taken a long time to clean up after that.  But I promised that my administration would be a committed partner in their recovery.  That’s why, yesterday, we announced $38 million in grants for their rebuilding and recovery efforts. And we’ll continue to stand with the people of Iowa going forward.  (Applause.)

AUDIENCE MEMBER:   We love you, President Obama!

THE PRESIDENT:  I love you, too.  It’s great to see you.  Thank you.  (Applause.)  It is just good to be back in Iowa.  (Applause.)  If it weren’t for Iowa, I wouldn't be President.  (Applause.)  I believe that.  It is great to be back in Ottumwa. We had some great times -- although I got to admit that the last time I was here I didn’t arrive using a helicopter.  (Laughter.) We were in a little van.  (Laughter.)  And my legs were all cramped up.  (Laughter.)       

But it’s a great honor to be your President.  Now, having said that, one of the toughest parts about it is you don’t get out as much as you used to.  You're in what they call the bubble. Now, don’t get me wrong, it is a very nice bubble.  (Laughter.)  The White House is a great place to work.  I live above the store so it’s a easy commute.  (Laughter.)  I see my girls off to school every morning.  I can always go -- no matter how late I’m working, I can have dinner with my girls at night.  And that’s a great -- that’s a great thing.  (Applause.)  But it does mean I just can’t walk around and visit folks and run into them at the grocery store as easily as I used to.  And so you lose something.

And as you remember, it wasn’t that long ago when I was driving around in a van or a bus and introducing myself to people and shaking hands, only to hear them say as I walked away, “Who was that guy again?”  (Laughter.)  “How do you say his name?”  (Laughter.)  So it’s nice to be back in Iowa, but also just nice to be back among the American people. 

Earlier today I visited the Siemens Wind Power Project in Fort Madison.  Some of you may have seen this.  (Applause.)  And I chatted with workers, and we checked out the work that they’re doing to stake America’s claim on a clean-energy future and Iowa’s claim on America’s future.  (Applause.) 

And if anybody has seen these blades for these wind turbines that Iowa is a leader in -- they’re being manufactured at a state-of-the-art factory that only a few years ago was completely shut down.  And now they’ve got 600 people working there, and they’re looking to expand even further.  And it gives you a sense of what can happen when you’ve got a combination of a terrific state government -- because Tom Vilsack was the one who originally brought them in.  (Applause.)  You’ve got a federal government that’s giving tax credits and tax incentives for wind energy and clean energy, and then you’ve got a community full of folks that are just ready to work and willing to do what it takes.  And that is exactly the kind of future that we want to promote. 

I stopped by a small food producer in Mount Pleasant.  A young woman, she couldn’t have been more than 25, and she is starting her own -- her parents had a farm; it didn’t look like they were farming it actively.  She came back home and now she’s planting fruits and vegetables.  And she’s got a small loan and she’s started participating in the farmers’ market, and now she’s been hooking up with the local department store and pretty soon she’s going to be with the schools.  And so we’re getting fresh produce to market.  She is starting to make money, and you’re seeing that kind of entrepreneurship all across the state and all across the country.

And these visits are reminders that when you get out into the heartland and you talk to folks, there’s a lot to learn from rural America -- because it’s towns like this that give America its heartbeat.  (Applause.)  It’s towns like this where working men and women build the American Dream with their bare hands.  (Applause.)  Farmers who get up before dawn; shopkeepers who hang the “open” sign every morning; entrepreneurs who get that idea and turn that idea into a reality.  And that’s a dream that’s shared by every American -– a chance to make a good living, to raise a healthy, secure family, and then to leave our children with even more opportunity than we had.

But, look, the fact is we have gone through a tough time.  And I know we’ve gone through a tough time here in Ottumwa.  Even though our economy is growing again, even though our markets have rebounded, our businesses are beginning to create jobs again and hire again -- that’s all good news, but everybody here knows there’s a lot of recovery that we still have to do. 

And I hear the stories in the letters that I get every night.  Some of you know I take 10 letters out of the 40,000 or so that we get and I read them every night.  And recently I received a particularly moving young -- letter from a young woman in a town that's smaller than Ottumwa.  And she said, and I’m going to read this, “[Our family has] been able to make it through past financial hardship by sticking together and waiting patiently for things to get better, but I’m really starting to worry.”  That's what she said.  “I don’t know how much longer I can deal with the guilt of putting additional financial strain on my family by trying to be the first of us to attend and graduate college.”  And she closed by writing, “It’s not your job to respond to me, or even to read my letter.”

But I had to write her back, and said, “Actually, that is my job” -- (laughter) -- because her story is just like the story of a lot of folks out here.  That's why I asked you for the job in the first place, Iowa, because I was hearing too many stories like that.  Think about that -- young woman feeling guilty about going to college.  She’s thinking, maybe I need to drop out and work because my family is going through such strain.

That's not the way it’s supposed to be.  She’s supposed to take pride in going to college, because she knows that it will give her the opportunity to create a great life for herself but also maybe to help folks who are less fortunate, a little bit less lucky, be able to reach back and bring them along.  That's the dream that generations of Americans have worked for.  And even before this last crisis it felt like it was slipping away a little bit. 

Folks like you are living up to your responsibilities, and then you’ve got people in Washington and Wall Street who aren’t living up to theirs.  And the reason that so many of you joined our campaign was you believed that we had it within our reach to change the way things were working; to stand up to the special interests; to make sure that the agenda in Washington was yours; and to keep the American Dream alive for our time and for all time.

So -- but before I take your questions, I just want to speak very plainly about what we’ve been doing to keep faith with that promise.

When I took office, the first thing we had to do was mount an aggressive response to the worst economic crisis we'd seen since the Great Depression, because we didn’t want a second Great Depression.  And let’s face it, some of the steps we took were unpopular.  I didn’t like them.  Nobody wanted to have to fix the financial system.  That wasn’t part of what I ran on.  I ran on making sure we regulated the financial system, but I didn’t run on having to make sure it didn’t collapse.  But I also knew that some of the things we did were the right thing to do in order to make sure that the situation didn’t get worse.

And by the way, one of those steps was called the Recovery Act.  And I want everybody to understand here’s what it did.  First of all, one-third of it was tax cuts.  We cut taxes for small businesses -- (applause.)  So one-third -- when you hear of the Recovery Act, I want you to understand a third of that went to tax cuts for small businesses, for first-time homebuyers -- some of you have been first-time homebuyers and gotten that $8,000 credit -- for students and parents who were paying for college.  And we cut taxes for 95 percent of working Americans -– 1.1 million working families here in Iowa -– because that’s what I told you I’d do during the campaign. 

So, in all, we passed 25 different tax cuts last year to help folks make ends meet in the tough economy.  And by the way, that put more demand into the economy, which meant people had some money in their pockets to spend on basic necessities, which kept more businesses open and prevented us from slipping into a depression.  So I just want to be clear, when you hear folks hollering about their taxes, I’m sympathetic, but we’ve cut taxes -- 25 of them.

All right, so that’s a third of the Recovery Act.  Another third went to helping folks get back on their feet by extending unemployment benefits and making COBRA cheaper.  (Applause.)  I mean, I can’t tell you how many people I talk to -- it’s tough enough losing your job.  It’s a lot tougher if you lose your job, and your COBRA payments, the payments to keep your health care from when you were on the job, are more than you can ever afford. So then you lose your health care at the same time as you’re losing your job.  And the COBRA basically subsidized 65 percent of those costs.  And it meant a lot of people even when they lost their job were able to keep their health care and, through unemployment benefits, keep the lights on until they were able to get back on their feet.

We also kept teachers and police officers on the job, including right here in Iowa.  (Applause.)  If you talk to any governor, they will tell you that they would have had to make huge layoffs if we hadn’t provided help. 

All right, so that’s two-thirds of it.  Now, here’s the last third.  It was towards putting people back to work doing the work that America needs.  That wind blade plant that we just went to  -- they benefited from clean energy tax credits that we gave them.  They would not have been able to expand and hire those additional 200 people if we hadn’t provided those tax credits.  All across America, we invested in rebuilding roads and bridges and hospitals and firehouses; laying broadband lines; creating and harnessing the clean energy of tomorrow. 

So it was that Recovery Act that helped that wind turbine plant boost output.  Not far from here, the Recovery Act is funding the Ottumwa Job Corps Center, offering a brighter future for hundreds of students a year.  (Applause.) 

Now, sometimes you’ve got people who were critics of what we did, but they’ll show up at the ribbon cutting.  (Laughter.)  So I just want to make clear here what we did, because people try to score political points by attacking the Recovery Act, that’s what they’re attacking -- that wind turbine plant -- or that wind blade plant, the Job Corps Center, keeping teachers on the job, the most progressive tax cut in our history, relief for laid-off workers, investment in your community -- 2.5 million Americans went to work today who otherwise wouldn’t have gone to work.

And we’re going to keep on working by every means necessary to accelerate job creation, because a job is more than a paycheck.  Anybody who has been out of work -- and by the way, I’ve been out of work -- knows that feeling you get when you’re out of work.  It’s not just because you’re worried about paying the bills.  It’s because a job is about meeting one’s responsibilities and taking care of one’s family.  It’s about the satisfaction at the end of a hard day’s work, the sense of purpose and pride every American deserves.  That’s what we need to restore.

So that’s been our priority in the short term, to get our economy running, getting businesses hiring again.  And we’re making some progress -- not as fast as I’d like, but the trends are good. 

Here’s the thing, though, folks, the challenge did not just begin a year and a half ago with this crisis.  It certainly didn’t start here in Ottumwa just a year and a half ago.  We’ve been seeing manufacturing leaving.  We’ve been seeing folks who are struggling to get by -- middle-class folks who have been swimming against the current for the better part of a decade because they were hit with an economic tidal wave.

For decades our schools have been failing too many of our kids.  For decades, our dependence on foreign oil threatened our economic and national security.  For decades, families have been struggling with out-of-control health care premiums.  For decades, our deficits -- well, actually just a decade -- our deficits were unacceptably large year after year -- because 10 years ago, we actually had a surplus.  (Applause.)

Year after year, Washington focuses on the next election instead of the next generation.  And I’m here to tell you, Ottumwa, we cannot afford that kind of politics.  We cannot go back to that kind of economy.  (Applause.)  We’ve got to rebuild a new foundation for our future. 

We need to extend opportunity to every corner of Main Street so that young folks who are here in Ottumwa don’t feel like they’ve got to go someplace else to have a decent life.  (Applause.)  We need to make sure that we put some wind at the backs of working men and women, and create conditions where if they work hard, they can get ahead.

So that's what we’re working to do.  And that's why we’re making the biggest investment in clean energy in our history; creating good middle-class jobs in Middle America, jobs that harness the wind and the sun and biofuels and won’t be sent offshore.  That’s why we’re working with states to raise standards in our schools so our young people can compete in the 21st century economy.  And that’s -- I’m very proud of all the young people who are here at this community college who are doing great work.  (Applause.) 

By the way, that’s why we took on the special interests.  We finally reformed the student loan system so it works for students and not bankers.  (Applause.)  Saved us tens of billions of dollars in wasteful spending, and we’re reinvesting that money where it should have gone in the first place -– and that's to your education.  We’re making college more affordable, and we’re upgrading America’s most under-appreciated asset -– and that's community colleges just like this one.  And we’re proud to do it. (Applause.)

And, yes, Ottumwa, that is why we finally passed health reform in America.  (Applause.)  I’m proud of it.  (Applause.)  I’m proud of it.  (Applause.) 

I want you to know -- right before I came here, we were in Mount Pleasant, Vilsack’s old stomping grounds, and we went to Jerry’s, right?  And I had some pie.  (Laughter.)  It was very good.  And so we talked to some of the patrons there.  And on the way out a young woman named Janice came up to me -- she wanted an autograph and I said I’d be happy to sign something.  And we started talking about her circumstances.  And she’s a homemaker. Her husband is self-employed -- a mechanic, I think she said it was.  And she was trying to figure -- she was so eager to get health care going.  She said, I know it takes a few years to get this thing started up, but we need help now because our premium just went $700 per month.  And that’s who reform was for.

So here is what’s going to happen this year.  Seniors are going to help -- get help paying for their prescription drugs -- this year.  (Applause.)  Millions of small business owners, including farmers, will be eligible for tax credits to help insure their employees -- this year.  (Applause.)  Parents of children with preexisting conditions will finally be able to purchase the coverage that they need -- this year.  (Applause.)  Insurance companies won’t be able to drop you when you get sick  -- this year.  (Applause.)  By the way, if you’re a young person here, you’ll be able to stay on your parents’ policy till you’re 26 -- starting this year.  (Applause.) 

And in a couple years, after we’ve set the whole thing up, millions of families and small business owners, they’re going to have more choice, more competition, and they’re going to finally be able to purchase quality, affordable care and get a better deal because they’re going to be part of a big pool.  The reason that it’s cheap for federal employees, for example, to get good health insurance is because there are millions of federal employees, so they’ve got a lot of bargaining power.  It forces insurance companies to lower their rates and give them a better deal. 

Now individuals and small businesses are going to able to buy into that same kind of pool.  And by the way, members of Congress are going to be members of it, too, so you know it’s a good deal because they wouldn’t have voted for it if they thought it was going to be a bad deal.  (Applause.) 

One last point about health care reform:  This represents the biggest deficit reduction plan since the 1990s.  Now, there’s been a lot of talk about deficits lately, and rightly so.  These numbers keep me up at night.  But it is ironic that some of the folks who are loudest talking about it are the ones who took a surplus 10 years ago and left a $1.3 trillion deficit on my desk when I took office.  (Applause.) 

Now, I don’t know where they were over the last 10 years, why they weren’t protesting and all that.  (Laughter.)  That’s fine.  I’m the President -- the buck stops with me.  And we did have to add -- we did have to add short term to the deficit to deal with the economic crisis.  All that unemployment benefits, those COBRA extensions, et cetera, that cost money.  But we’ve also taken real concrete steps to address the long-term deficits that loom over our future.

The last point I want to make:  We are engaged in a debate right now on the need for Wall Street reform -- (applause) -- reform that protects consumers, holds firms accountable, puts an end to taxpayer bailouts once and for all.  (Applause.)  It’s precisely because we didn’t have common-sense rules on Wall Street that some of these firms could take these huge risks, irresponsible risks, that hurt every sector of the economy. 

As far away as Ottumwa, you were impacted by what they were doing.  People on Wall Street, some of them, forgot that every -- behind every dollar traded or leveraged or some derivative created, here on Main Street people are just looking to buy a house, or pay for college, or open up a business, or save for retirement.  And you can’t take irresponsible risks like that.  So that's why we need reform.

Now, today for the second time in 24 hours, Senate Republicans unanimously blocked efforts to even begin debating reform.  I’m not even asking them to vote for the bill.  I just want to let them debate it.  And you know -- you’ve learned these Senate rules are complicated.  So they won’t even let it get on the floor to be debated.  It’s one thing to oppose reform, but to oppose just even talking about reform in front of the American people and having a legitimate debate, that's not right.  (Applause.)

The American people deserve an honest debate on this bill.  It’s been two years since the financial crisis became clear.  I’ve been talking about it since 2007; before the crisis, I said we needed better rules on Wall Street.  And you should not have to wait one more day for some of the strongest consumer protections ever. 

And I’m not going to let this effort fall victim to industry lobbyists who want to weaken it and water it down and kill it and snuff it out and stomp on it and whatever else they want to do to it.  We can’t let another crisis like this happen again.  And we can’t have such a short memory that we let them convince us that we don't need to change the status quo on Wall Street.  (Applause.)

Ottumwa, Washington likes to act like this is all a political game.  That's why I want people to spend more time in Ottumwa --(applause) -- because if folks spent more time out here, they’d see that inaction, obstruction, costs people.  They’d see that you don't care which party comes out on top politically in any of this stuff.  You just want us to live up to our responsibilities like you do.  (Applause.)  You’re not interested in whether it’s a Republican plan or a Democratic plan or -- (applause) -- that’s what our administration has been trying to do. 

Now, we haven’t been perfect.  That’s for sure.  Michelle could have warned you, I’m not perfect.  (Laughter.)  But I want -- what I want you to know is that every single thing we are trying to accomplish, every policy we put in place, every day that I go to work, it’s about restoring a sense of security for the middle class and renewing the American Dream for folks like you -- because you’re the ones who inspired me to run.  Whether you support me or not, it’s towns like this and families like yours that I spend my time thinking about.  (Applause.)

It’s that young lady in that letter that I’m working for.  You put your trust in me.  I don’t intend to let you down.  (Applause.)  And if we can summon resolve together and work together, I know we’re going to come through these difficult times and we are going to emerge stronger and more secure and more ready than ever to write that next great chapter in American history.

So thank you very much, Ottumwa.  Let me take some questions from you.  Thank you.  Thank you.  (Applause.)

All right, everybody have a seat.  I’m going to take some questions.  Then I’m going to hold that cute, little baby right there.  (Laughter.)  She is just a little precious peach.  (Laughter.) 

All right, there are no rules to this other than just raise your hand.  I’ll try to call on as many as I can.  We’re going to go girl-boy-girl-boy, so that it’s fair.  (Laughter.)  And hopefully -- and there are young people in the audience with microphones.  So wait until the microphone gets to you, so that everybody can hear your question.  And if you don’t mind introducing yourself, that would be helpful, as well.  All right?

Okay, there’s a gentleman right there at the corner, so that seems pretty convenient.  Right there.  Yes, sir.

Q    Yes, sir.  Thank you so much for all your efforts on health care and I wish you every success on the reforms we need in Wall Street.  (Applause.) 

THE PRESIDENT:  Thank you.  Thank you.

Q    I’m a Californian -- I live in California --

THE PRESIDENT:  What are you doing here in Ottumwa?

Q    Well, there’s a special lady that has my heart called Veronica Butler, here, so I have to come back.  (Applause.) 

THE PRESIDENT:  Oh, I see.  Okay.  All right, okay.  I got you. 

Q    I’m in -- I run a small business and we sell equipment, manufacturing equipment, and then we do leasing on that equipment.  And I’m real concerned over we seem like we continue to lose manufacturing jobs overseas.  And it’s a drain on that. And then we also have in our -- we try to arrange for financing. Our shops that are -- our small machine shops that are just everyday working guys that are really trying to make a living are now in a situation that their credit is challenged.

THE PRESIDENT:  These are your suppliers?

Q    Some of the suppliers and some of the customers I’m trying to provide equipment to.

THE PRESIDENT:  I see.  I got you, okay.

Q    They can’t go to -- due to the -- they’ve pulled on their own personal wealth to try to keep their businesses open.  They’ve lost people that they can’t hire back.  They need to hire people.  They’re going to banks and some of them have been in business less than three years, and it’s just impossible for them now to arrange and buy equipment.  So we need help, boss.  (Laughter.)

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, let me respond to both questions.  Look, we’ve been losing manufacturing for a while.  There is no doubt about that.  I think it’s important to recognize that a lot of attention is placed on manufacturing moving overseas, but actually the majority of manufacturing jobs that have been lost had to do with automation and technology.

If you go to a steel mill today, it takes one person what it used to take 10 people to do.  And that's true in a lot of industries.  So some of the reduction in the number of people working in manufacturing is similar to what happened in agriculture.  Right?  Things just got very efficient.

In fact, one of the problems we’re having right now in terms of having jobs rebound even after the economy has rebounded is the fact that a lot of businesses learn to become more efficient, and so they’re thinking, well, we can make the same amount of product with fewer workers -- which is a challenge for us. 

That's why new industries are so important.  America -- we’ve been at our best by coming up with the next thing, the new idea, because -- we’re never going to compete overseas when it comes to low wages.  Even if Chinese wages go up, folks will move to Bangladesh.  And if Bangladesh wages go up, they’ll -- I mean, Mexico now is actually losing jobs to China, and on down the line.  So that's not where we want to compete.  We want to compete in innovation, a highly educated workforce, creativity, high-end products. 

Now, here’s the good news, actually.  We still have a very strong manufacturing base in this country, and that wind blade farm was an example of the kinds of new manufacturing that we can put in place.  But we’ve got to invest in it.  That's point number one.

Point number two is we’ve got to make sure that our trade arrangements with other countries are fair, because, frankly, 20 years ago, 30 years ago, I think the attitude was, you know what, we can just open up our markets and they don't have to open theirs, and maybe they’ll send us toys and a few other things, but it’s no big deal.  Well, those days are over.  China has grown rapidly and it can compete very effectively, which means that when I’m meeting with the Chinese President, I’ve got to make sure that their trade is reciprocating -- their trade policies reciprocate what ours do. 

That means that agriculture products from Iowa, they’ve got to have full access to the market.  It means that they can’t steal our intellectual property.  It means that they can’t have a bunch of barriers where getting through customs is so hard that finally American companies give up.  And this is one of the reasons why my administration has called for a doubling of U.S. exports. 

I don't want to close off trade with other countries -- I want to open those countries because that’s a lot of where the growth is and that’s where we can sell our products and we’ve got a competitive advantage.  But we’ve got to keep on pushing and be tough in our negotiations, and that’s something that’s going to be a top priority.  So that’s on the trade side.

On the financing side, one of the biggest problems we still have in our economy -- we made sure that the financial system didn’t collapse, but a lot of banks have still pulled back, and they’ve pulled back especially from small businesses.  So everywhere I go, I talk to small business owners who say, you know, we’re actually starting to get orders now but I can’t get a credit line from my bank. 

And sadly, actually the smaller banks in some ways -- which service a lot of small businesses and service communities like Ottumwa -- are in some ways just as bad off.  They may not have taken any kind of federal help, but they still are trying to deal with their balance sheets.  They might have financed some malls or some mortgages that have gone south, they’ve got some bad loans on their books.  They’re not -- they feel like they’re not in as good of a position to lend.

So what we’ve been trying to do is use the SBA, the Small Business Administration.  We’ve doubled SBA loans to small businesses.  We are now -- we’ve told Congress what we’d like to do -- it turns out all those big banks are actually now paying back the money that we gave them.

AUDIENCE MEMBER:  Good!

THE PRESIDENT:  It is very good.  With interest, by the way. (Applause.)  They’ve already paid back the majority of it, but my attitude is I want them paying back every dime.  And that’s why we’ve got a bank fee that we’re going to impose on them until they’ve paid taxpayers back every dime of the money they got. (Applause.) 

But one of our proposals is to have some of that money used to help get small business loans out.  And so this is going to be something that we’re debating.  If we can start loosening up credit for small businesses, and helping smaller and community banks with their lending portfolios, that will make a huge difference in terms of the pace of our economic growth.  So this is really a top priority for our administration. 

All right?  Thank you for the question.  (Applause.)  

All right, it’s a young lady’s -- it’s a woman’s turn.  But I just want to make sure that you are not from California.  (Laughter.)  I’m teasing.  Right here in the orange.  Stand up and introduce yourself.  Here, you got a mic right behind you.

Q    We supported you when you ran.  And what my question is, is how are you going to continue to support us and how is the health care bill going to affect us?

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, first of all, I’m grateful for the support.  And, second of all, I’ve said this before publicly and I’ll say it again, I make no apologies for it.  I am a pro-union guy.  (Applause.)  Our unions helped build our middle class.  We take for granted so much stuff -- minimum wage laws, 40-hour work week, overtime, child labor laws.  Those things wouldn’t have happened if it hadn’t been for unions fighting for those rights. So even if you’re not a member of a union, you’ve got to be appreciative of what unions have done.  (Applause.)

Now, a lot of things that we do don’t get a lot of notice.  We don’t always generate headlines.  But a lot of things that we’re doing have to do with how is the Department of Labor operating to make sure that workplace safety rules are enforced; to make sure that if the federal government is helping to finance a program, that we’ve got a project labor agreement in place that assures that people are paid a decent wage and they’re getting a fair deal.  Who am I appointing to the National Labor Relations Board, so that when a union tries to organize, it doesn’t take five years before you can even get a ruling, and then it turns out that the ruling somehow conveniently always is against the union. 

So there are a lot of things that we’ve been doing administratively to try to make sure that people just get the fair chance to organize.

Now, look, some people don’t want unions, and that’s great. If you feel that you can look after your own interests, I respect that.  But what we -- but one of the things that we stand for as Americans is the freedom to decide I’m going to join with my brothers and sisters at that workplace to try to get a better deal -- not through force, not through coercion, but just by us agreeing to bargain.  And we just want to make sure that there’s a level playing field in that process.  That’s something that I strongly believe in, and it’s part of the American tradition. 

And sometimes people say, well, unions are what’s making us not competitive.  Well, that’s just not true.  Unions are only, at this point in the private sector, probably less than 10 percent of the economy.  So the notion that somehow that’s what is creating competition with other countries that pay lower wages, that’s not the case.  The fact of the matter is that what’s going to help us become competitive is if we’ve got middle-class workers making middle-class wages with middle-class benefits, who can then go out and shop, and support a family, and buy a new car and pay their mortgage, which will create more business opportunities and maintain America as the greatest market on Earth.  And if we do that, then we’re going to be successful.

Now, there are going to be times where -- there are times where I’ve got some differences with the unions on some issues.  But that’s -- those are arguments among friends.  I do think, for example, that it’s important for us to reform our education system.  And my sister is a teacher.  I love teachers unions; I’ve been supportive of them ever since I got into politics.  (Applause.)  But I do want to partner with teachers to make sure that we are improving constantly how our kids perform.  And we’ve got to have accountability in terms of how we are making progress in school districts all across the country. 

Because I want young people in America not -- at this point we can’t just graduate from high school; that’s not enough.  We’ve got to go on to community colleges or go on to a four-year education -- because those are the jobs that are going to exist in the 21st century.  I don’t want our young people having to compete simply on the basis of their willingness to work in a factory because it’s going to be very hard for them to compete over the long term in other countries where the wages may be a lot lower unless they’ve got higher skills and they’re bringing something different to the marketplace than some of these other workers.

All right?  Thanks for the question.  (Applause.) 

Okay.  It’s a gentleman’s turn.  Let’s see who we got.  All right, one of those ballplayers back there was -- if you’re asking whether I can beat you at H-O-R-S-E, the answer is yes.  (Laughter.) 

Q    How you doing, Mr. President?  My question is, my teammates, we want a picture with you before you leave.  (Laughter.)  Can you make that happen, Mr. President?

THE PRESIDENT:  I think that’s within my executive powers.  (Applause.) 

All right, it is a young woman’s turn -- right there in the white shirt.  Yes.

Q    Welcome, Mr. President.  I’m a student here at Indian Hills.  I thank you for health care, but I know you have your plate full.  I have a lot of undocumented friends and immigration has been in the news for many, many years and nothing has been done about it.  And I was just wondering what your plan was for our undocumented workers who have established our country?  (Applause.) 

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, here’s my plan -- and by the way, it’s not my plan; I think it’s going to have to be a plan where all Americans arrive at a common-sense consensus about responsibility when it comes to immigration.

Now, it’s a controversial issue, but the truth is if you talk to most Americans they probably have a similar concept, and that is most Americans recognize we’re a nation of immigrants.  Very few of you -- (applause) -- very few of you are Native Americans, which means most of you came here from someplace else -- or your families came here, your great-great-great grandparents came here from somewhere else.  So we are a nation of immigrants.  We were founded on immigration.  That’s what that whole Plymouth Rock thing was about -- immigration.  So we’re a nation of immigrants.

But we’re also a nation of laws.  And we expect people to follow the rules if they want to immigrate to this country.  That’s only fair, right?  (Applause.) 

So the challenge we have now is how do we set up a system where, yes, we’re welcoming new people to our country -- which by the way, makes us stronger.  One of the things that is a huge advantage for America, compared to countries like Europe, is actually we constantly are replenishing ourselves with hungry, driven people who are coming here and they want to work, and they start a business, and our population is younger and more dynamic. And that's a good thing.  So we want immigration, but how do we do it in a lawful way so that people who are waiting in line back in their home countries, doing it the right way, aren’t being punished, and we’ve got some basic control of our borders?  And the problem is we don't have that right now.  The system is broken. 

So ever since I was campaigning here in Iowa, I’ve been saying the same thing.  What I want is a system in which we secure our borders -- and by the way, this administration has made significant progress securing our borders -- we start cracking down on companies that are purposely hiring undocumented workers to undercut the wages of U.S. workers -- (applause) -- because the truth is as long as there are employers who want to exploit undocumented workers, pay them lower wages, no benefits, no overtime, et cetera, people are going to continue to come.  I mean, we can try to build as many fences as we want at the border, but the fact is if folks are making $2 a day back home, and they can make $10 an hour here, they’re going to come here -- unless we make sure that employers are doing what’s lawful.  So we’ve got to take that seriously.

If we do those two things, though, we’re still going to have 11, 12, 13 million undocumented workers in this country.  And not all of them are going to go home.  I mean, you can -- this law that just passed in Arizona -- which I think is a poorly conceived law -- (applause) -- you can try to make it really tough on people who look like they, “might be illegal immigrants.”  One of the things that the law says is local officials are allowed to ask somebody who they have a suspicion might be an illegal immigrant for their papers.  But you can imagine, if you are a Hispanic American in Arizona -- your great-grandparents may have been there before Arizona was even a state. But now, suddenly, if you don’t have your papers and you took your kid out to get ice cream, you’re going to be harassed.  That’s something that could potentially happen.  That’s not the right way to go.  (Applause.) 

And we can try to crack down, but the truth is that 11 to 12 million folks, we’re going to have to make them take responsibility for what they did.  And the way to do that is to actually make them register, make them pay a fine, make them learn English -- (applause) -- make them take responsibility for the fact that they broke the law.  You make them get in the back of the line.  But you also say, okay, if you do it the right way then you have a chance to become an American citizen.  (Applause.)  And if we have that kind of comprehensive approach, then we can once again be a nation of laws and a nation of immigrants.

Now, I’ve been pushing for this.  I want it to happen.  The only way it’s going to happen is if Democrats and Republicans come together and do this -- because this is such a volatile issue.  (Applause.)  I will bring the majority of Democrats to the table in getting this done, but I’ve got to have some help from the other side.  I’ve got to have some help from the other side because we’re not going to solve this problem -- it can be exploited for political purposes, and the only way to rise above the politics and actually solve the problem once and for all is to make sure that it’s a bipartisan effort.  And that’s what we’re pushing for.  I hope that we can get it done sometime soon. 
And I’m going to continue to advocate on behalf of finally fixing the system so that we don’t have either the kind of bad laws that we’ve seen in Arizona, or, alternatively, we’ve got half-a-million illegal folks coming into Arizona without any control.  Neither of those things is sensible.  And we can have a common-sense law, but we’re going to have to work together across party lines to make it happen.

All right?  Thank you.  (Applause.) 

It’s a guy’s turn.  Let’s see.  Let’s see.  All right -- well, all right, this gentleman right here.  Do I need to give you my mic?  All right, here.  Are you going to give it back?  (Laughter.)   

Q    Hi, I work for the city of Ottumwa.  We’re under an EPA order to have $160 million of sewer remediation for combined sewer separation.  We’re at the highest poverty level in Iowa.  We’re very much pro cleaning up the environment.  We just need more time.  We need some financial assistance.  We need some assistance through the federal government.  It used to fund sewers at 83 percent that -- in the ‘80s, they got rid of that, so we need help.  (Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, let me say -- one of the great things about being President is you’ve got these wonderful advisors.  And one of my best advisors is Tom Vilsack, my Secretary of Agriculture -- (applause) -- who has the benefit of being a governor.  And I’ve got a lot of governors in my -- former governors in my Cabinet because governors can’t always play some of these political games they play in Washington.  It’s like being a mayor -- it’s like the rubber hits the road.  It doesn’t matter whether you’re Democrat or Republican; at some point the garbage has got to get picked, sewer systems have to work, et cetera.

Now, Tom, very early on in our administration, we talked about how we could deal with water management, waste water management.  And so in the Recovery Act, we actually funded billions of dollars of projects across the country, because we know that it’s hard for a lot of local communities to be able to get done what they want to do but they just don’t have the money to do.

Now, I don’t know the specifics around what’s happening in Ottumwa -- $160 million sounds like a lot of money to me, and I’m sure it sounds like a lot of money to you.  You’re still looking kind of sad about the whole thing -- (laughter) -- like, where am I going to find this money?  So what I -- I'll make a commitment to you to have my team investigate exactly what it is that needs to be cleaned up, and is there some way that we can put this on a better funding track.  All right?  (Applause.)

Let me make a broader point about this, though, because this will bear on how we think about our federal budget in the future. Everybody dislikes Washington right now and everybody wants to lower their taxes.  Everybody hates waste in government.  But at the same time, you know government does some important things, like helping to make sure you’ve got clean drinking water and that your roads aren’t full of potholes, and that -- (laughter.) I’m not saying it’s always succeeding now.  (Laughter.)  I think I touched on a sore spot here, Mr. Mayor.  (Laughter.) 

Making sure that we got teachers in our classrooms that are getting decently paid.  (Applause.)  Making sure that Social Security is going to be there for the next generation.  Making sure that Medicare is solvent so that our elderly are able to get proper care. 

So I just want everybody to remember this, because we’re going to have a very tough debate about how to bring down the deficits.  We are going to have to bring down our deficits.  We can’t sustain it.  And by the way, the steps I’ve taken -- a three-year freeze on discretionary spending, Pentagon reform where we’re eliminating weapons systems that even the Pentagon doesn’t want, scouring the budget to end programs that don’t work -- even with all the steps that those -- that we’re taking on that front, that will pay, by the way, for everything that we did during the Recovery Act.  So everything that’s happened on my watch, we will have paid for -- we will have paid for.  (Applause.)

But I inherited a structural deficit that is going to get worse in the years to come because our population is getting older, health care costs have been going up faster than inflation, more people are on Social Security, more people are on Medicare, and we’ve had two wars that we’ve been fighting.  If you combine all that plus the interest on that debt, if we don’t bring it under control we really are going to be burdening the next generation in a way that’s not acceptable.

So as this debate unfolds, I just want everybody to pay attention to what folks are saying, because a lot of times politicians will tell you, I’m going to cut your taxes, I’m going to lower the deficit, I’m going to expand Medicare -- they’ll tell you, essentially they’ll tell you whatever it is they want you to hear.  And you should ask every politician when they say that they’re going to balance the budget and deal with the deficit, what exactly are you going to cut?  What spending are you willing to eliminate?  (Applause.)  Are you going to eliminate funding for sewers?  Are you going to reduce the cost of Medicare? 

Because there’s no such thing as a free lunch.  And I think a lot of times the way it’s talked about in Washington, folks make it out as if, well, if we could just eliminate the waste and abuse in Washington, somehow that would fix the problem.  Well, no, we’re going to have some tough choices.

Let me give you one example.  Everybody thinks that foreign aid, if we just kind of stopped foreign aid, that that would be a big help.  Let me tell you, foreign aid is less than 1 percent of our budget -- 1 percent.  Some people say, well, if we eliminated pork projects, earmarks, right -- now, some of these earmarks are kind of ridiculous, so we should eliminate them just because we don't have any money that we should be wasting -- but let me tell you, earmarks are only about 1 percent of the budget. 

So we can eliminate all foreign aid, all earmarks, and we’d still have a huge problem, because most of our budget goes to Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, defense spending.  Those things account for about 70 percent of the budget.  Everything else we do is only about 30 percent of the budget -- everything from national forests to the Agricultural Department to student loans.  All that stuff is only -- is less than a third of our budget.

So this is going to be a tough bunch of choices that we’ve got to make here.  And I just want everybody to be prepared so that when you hear the debate over the next couple of years about how we are going to reduce our deficit, understand we’re not going to do it overnight.  It would be, in fact, irresponsible for us to try to do it just in one year or a few years.  We’re going to have to do it over a stretch of several years, and we’re going to have to make some tough choices.  All right?

I’ve got time for two more questions.  Yes, I noticed I didn’t get a lot of clapping about the whole “We’re going to have the hard choices” thing, because -- (applause) -- you know -- but remember when I was running for office, I said I will not just tell you what you want to hear, I will tell you what you need to hear?  And you needed to hear that we’re going to have some tough choices around our deficit.  (Applause.)

All right, I’ve got two more questions.  I’m going to call on this young lady right here.  Yes, you.  (Laughter.) 

Q    My name is Tara Howard, and I’m in fifth grade and go to Cardinal Elementary.

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, it’s good to see you.

Q    And my friend wanted me to ask you what kind of pie you had.  And my grandma says hi to Tom Vilsack.  (Laughter.)

THE PRESIDENT:  Okay, there you go.  (Applause.)  I had rhubarb pie.  (Applause.)  And it was some tasty pie.  By the way, some of you heard that my cholesterol had gone up.  It’s because of pie.  (Laughter.)  The White House, along with that Air Force One, they have really good pie at the White House.  (Laughter.)  So that’s one of the other perks that you have to -- that you get with being President.

All right.  I’ve got -- it is a gentleman’s turn.  All right, this looks -- I’m going to call on a student.  This looks like a student right here -- this guy right here.  You -- well, no, no, no, the guy beneath you, I’m sorry.  I didn’t see you.  You looked older.  (Laughter.)  I’m sorry, the guy in front of you -- well, he sat down.  There you go.  No, remember I said, boy-girl-boy-girl.  Go ahead.

Q    President Obama, I'm Joe.  I’m an 11th-grader at Ottumwa High School.  I don’t know if you know this or not, but Ottumwa High School has the highest dropout rate in the state of Iowa.

Q    I’m Bobby.  We had this planned out -- a two-part question.

THE PRESIDENT:  Cool.  (Laughter.) 

Q    My mom is a teacher at the high school, too -- just thought I’d bring that up.  She’s -- well, we were just wondering, you talk a lot in the Recovery Act about how you will get -- you will have student loans for kids that graduate high school to go to college, but what about the kids that do not graduate high school?  (Applause.) 

THE PRESIDENT:  That’s a great question.  First of all, thank your mom for teaching, because -- where is she?  Is she here?  Oh, I’m sorry.

Q    Actually, she’s in the OEA and she won one ticket and she’s like, well, I saw you when you were here last, so she gave her ticket.

THE PRESIDENT:  Oh, that’s so nice.  Look at mom.  (Applause.) 

Q    And when you were here last time, she helped interview you for the Courier -- Mary Orman.  I doubt you remember her but --

THE PRESIDENT:  I do.

Q    Okay.

THE PRESIDENT:  Tell Mary I said hello.

Q    All right.

THE PRESIDENT:  All right.  (Laughter.) 

Q    Oh, and then, President Obama, she’s wondering if I get the chance, could we -- me and Joe get a picture with you, too?  (Laughter.) 

THE PRESIDENT:  I don't know about that.

Q    Awww.

THE PRESIDENT:  But I’ll answer your question.  You’re absolutely right that we can do a great job financing community colleges and student loans and college educations, but if we haven’t dealt with K through 12 we’re going to have problems.  And the truth is we’re slipping behind.  We used to have by far the best education system in the world, by a huge margin.  And we don’t now.  I mean, we’ve got some of -- we still have the best universities in the world, the best college system in the world, and we have some of the best schools in the world.  But our overall education system is kind of in the middle of the pack, in terms of advanced countries, especially in science and math, which is a huge problem because science and math is the future.  That's what’s going to allow you to innovate. 

So I’ve got this terrific Secretary of Education named Arne Duncan, and one of the things that Arne and I have been trying to do is to figure out how do we jumpstart more educational excellence.

A couple of ways we’ve done it.  First of all, the Recovery Act was also the largest investment in education by the federal government in history, above and beyond whatever annual funding folks get.  And it helped to pay for new classrooms and new laboratories and teacher training programs and a whole host of things.

But what we had to do, moving forward, is, number one, really emphasize teaching.  We’ve got to treat our teachers better.  We’ve got to give more professional development.  We’ve got to pay them higher salaries.  (Applause.)  We’ve got to attract more young people to go into teaching.  We’ve got to put a bigger emphasis on math and science teaching.  So we’ve just got to give teachers a lot more support than they’re getting right now.

Now, in exchange, teachers do have to be accountable.  I don't want teachers to be judged just by how their kids do on a standardized test because -- (applause) -- because if teachers get kids who come from poor backgrounds, they may do worse on the test; it doesn’t mean that's a bad teacher.  But there have to be measures of how kids do, year to year, even if it’s not just testing, but other measures that make sure that we’re seeing improvement in student performance over time. 

So that's the bargain that we’re trying to strike with teachers:  more support for teachers, more professional development, better pay, better incentives, but also we want to make sure that teachers help to shape an accountability system so our kids we know are doing well.  That's going to be the single most important thing we can do.  (Applause.)

And we are going to -- and we set up something called Race To The Top, which is a competitive fund where we say to local school districts and states, you know what, if you can come up with great ways to train teachers, great ways to hold the school system accountable, you’re focusing on not just the best students but also the low-performing students -- if you do these things that we know work in terms of reform, then we’re going to give you a little bit of extra money, a little bit of incentive.  We’re going to allow you to compete for excellence, not compete for mediocrity.

And so far we’ve seen a couple of states win these Race To The Top awards, and it would be great if Ottumwa decided to apply.  So you might want to talk to your governor, Chet Culver, and see if we can get some extra money in the Ottumwa school district.  (Applause.)

The last thing I’m going to say -- and this is actually important not only about education but about how we’re going to succeed as a nation in this new century.  We can have the best teachers in the world, we can fund the best programs in the world, we can give all the scholarships in the world, but if parents aren’t parenting their kids and emphasizing the importance of learning and education, then it’s not going to make any difference.  That’s the key.  (Applause.)

So I want everybody here as parents, as community members, as church members, to know that if we’re supporting our kids -- if we’re supporting our kids and we are instilling the values of responsibility, and hard work, and excellence, and second place isn’t good enough -- that’s how America got built.  That’s how we’re going to build up our education system.  That’s how we’re going to improve our economy.  Government can only do so much.  We’re going to be there to partner with you, but you’re going to have to make it happen. 

Thank you very much, everybody.  God bless you.  God bless the United States of America.  (Applause.)

5:34 P.M. CDT

Remarks of Lawrence H. Summers at the Presidential Summit on Entrepreneurship

What I thought I’d do today is start by asking: What in our time is going to be historically memorable 300 years from now?

Perhaps the top story will be the end of the Cold War.  But if you think about major conflicts between pairs of countries that took place three hundred years ago, they are a little hazy in our memory.

Perhaps the large story will be the relationship between the West, broadly defined, and the Islamic world and how that story plays out.

And that is certainly an issue of profound importance.

But I would suggest to you that the greatest likelihood is that what will be remembered is the rise of emerging markets in Asia and beyond, at unprecedented rates.

Consider if you will this.  If you look – and historians have quite carefully – standards of living as best we can judge them in the Athens of Pericles’ time and the London at the beginning of the nineteenth century, they had changed very little.

On an optimistic view they had risen 75 percent over that 2,200-year period.

If you look at the Industrial Revolution, the reason they called it the Industrial Revolution was that for the first time in human history, living standards rose at a rate where they were noticeably different at the end of a human lifespan than they had been at its beginning.  Growth had been perhaps 1 or 1.5 percent a year.

If you look at the most rapid period of growth in U.S. economic history, per capita incomes, living standards rose at perhaps 2 or 2.5 percent – a rate at which they rose perhaps as much as five times within a single human lifespan.

If we look at what is happening today in large parts of the world we are seeing growth at a rate of seven, eight, nine, ten percent a year.  A rate at which living standards rise not by a factor of two, not by a factor of five, but by a factor of more than a hundred over a single human lifespan.

We are seeing it not in a single corner of Europe but in a region where the largest share of the world’s population lives.  And we are seeing it in a world that is vastly more interconnected and able to feel its effects than the world that experienced the rise of the United States or experienced the Industrial Revolution.

It will, over time, I suspect, reshape almost everything – from the way in which people work, to the nature of the art they regard as beautiful, to the level of prosperity that they enjoy, to the security fears that they choose to worry about.

It’s going to be the historical story of our time.

But I would suggest to you that it is a story that will be written in no small part by entrepreneurs.  Because while economic history changes, while events change, if there is a constant in economic history, it may be the power of markets and the power of entrepreneurs within them.

Entrepreneurship is not confined to new technologies.  It includes the introduction of new goods, new methods of production, new markets, new sources of supply for raw materials, and new ways of organization.

As Stanford’s Paul Romer, a leading student of economic growth, has put it, and this is perhaps the single most important thing to understand about economic growth over the long run:  “Economic growth springs from better recipes, not just from more cooking.” 

The static strategies of accumulation, whether pursued by Russia in the ’40s and ’50s, or whether pursued by Japan in the 1980s, work for a time, but eventually run out of gas.  The path to permanent and continuing change is the path of better recipes, the path of innovation, the path of the breakthroughs – organizational, intellectual, or technological – that can transform societies.

The work of entrepreneurs.

In the nineteenth century, the technologies that reverberated across the U.S. economy included the transcontinental railroad, the telegraph, and the steam engine.

In the 20th century, those technologies were the automobile, the jet plane, and over the last generation, everything associated with the personal computer and information technology.

All of that was driven by entrepreneurs.

Indeed, a culture of entrepreneurship has been central to the economic success of the United States.  We are, perhaps, the only place in the world where you can raise your first $100 million before you buy your first suit, if you have a sufficiently good idea.

So, too, entrepreneurship will play an important role in the renaissance of China, India, and the rest of the developing world.

What transforms villages is whether they have an entrepreneur or whether they don’t.  In the wake of such creative effort, entrepreneurs create jobs and spur economic activity.

I would suggest that entrepreneurship drives economic growth in three critical ways.

First, it fosters competition and dynamism in a world economy whose shape is rapidly changing.

It used to be that a country’s success could be judged by the size of its skyscrapers and steel plants.  And yet at the turn of the 21st century, Microsoft had a greater market capitalization, a greater market value than the entire American steel, auto, and aerospace sector combined.  And that was before people had heard of a start-up company called Google.

We think of Wal-Mart and it is an enormous retailer.  But compare that with eBay and its online marketplace of 85 million active buyers and sellers.

Joseph Schumpeter, the economist whose name is practically synonymous with the creative destruction of innovation, observed that there is no such thing as a dynamic equilibrium.  Competition breeds more competition.  Entrepreneurship breeds more entrepreneurship.  And change can come quickly.

In understanding why the business landscape is profoundly different than it once was, consider this:

In 1960, it took twenty years for a third of the Fortune 500 companies to turn over.  Today, it takes just four years for similar turnover.

Second, entrepreneurship facilitates the incorporation of the new technologies that fuel economic growth.  I was reminded of this many years ago, now, in the mid-1990s, when as Deputy Secretary I visited Cote d’Ivoire.  We did something that government officials too frequently do.  We journeyed several hours away from the capital to a small town in Cote d’Ivoire where I was to have the privilege of turning on a water well which had been a USAID project that would provide for clean water for that village.

The village was across a small lagoon and eight or ten of us were on a boat that a few people were paddling to get across that lagoon.  We had gotten there, done our thing.  We were on our way back and as we were on the boat someone stuck a cell phone in my face and said, “Secretary Rubin needs to talk to you.”  All I could think about was how different that was than any world that I live in.  Here we were, three hours away from the capital city of a desperately poor country in or near a village that was getting clean water for the first time, and I was able to be talking to Washington with a perfect connection and nobody was thinking very much of it.

That was about information technology.

As you’d expect, that was about the private sector, and, yes, that was about entrepreneurship.

4.6 billion people today have access to mobile phones.  Nearly two thirds of the people on the planet.  To take just one example, in 1995, Vietnam had one phone for every 100 people.  Today it has 33, and two thirds of them were mobile phone.

And it’s been estimated that a 10% increase in wireless penetration in emerging economies can result in a half-a-percent increase in the GDP.

These examples are pervasive.  You will hear them throughout your conference and I am not going to try to describe them in detail.  But if you ask what will make a difference over the long-run, it is disruptive technology of the kind that entrepreneurship brings.

A final thought.  Entrepreneurship provides opportunity and it supports freedom.  If you look at some of the greatest entrepreneurs in our country, people like Bill Gates and Steve Jobs, they dropped out of college.

One study claimed that an amazingly high fraction of entrepreneurs – more than ten times as high of executives in large companies – had had some kind of learning disability when they were children.

But the opportunity to break out, to break the mold, had changed their lives and it had changed the lives of others.

George Bernard Shaw once observed, “The reasonable man adapts himself to the world.  The unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself.  Therefore,” Shaw concluded, “all progress depends on the unreasonable man.”

And so it is with entrepreneurs.

Social scientists have debated for two centuries and no doubt will debate for several more the complex relationships between free markets and free societies.  I’m not going to resolve those issues here today.  But I would suggest to you this: Free societies are the best breeding grounds for entrepreneurs.

An important test of the freedom in a society is whether it enables Shaw’s unreasonable man to try to change the world.

Are its consumers open to using new products in new waves?

Is its financial system willing to take a chance on someone with a compelling vision but a short track record?

Do its institutions enable people to bet their future on a dream?

If we in the United States have been successful over the last century, our ability to do these things relatively well is no small part of the reason.  And if it is true that free societies create entrepreneurs, it is also true that a strong entrepreneurial class makes a society freer.

They provide choices for consumers.

They provide options for those seeking jobs.

They provide perspectives in the public sphere that do not come from the public sector.

They provide for independence from large, hierarchical organizations.

Through the competition, they check the power of large businesses and large governments that would otherwise be unchecked.

President Obama observed last night that “throughout history the market has been the most powerful force the world has ever known for creating opportunity and lifting people out of poverty.”

When history is written 300 years from now the story of our times is likely to be one of unprecedented economic transformation.  But it will be a story whose running theme, what entrepreneurs do, is what many of you live and what we all know very well.

Thank you very much.

Remarks by the President at the First Meeting of the Fiscal Commission

Rose Garden

9:50 A.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT:  Good morning, everybody. 

As a nation, we continue to experience the consequence of three distinct but closely related challenges.  One is a financial crisis, born of reckless speculation that threatened to choke off lending to families and to businesses.  And this crisis, in turn, led to the deepest recession we’ve known in generations –- costing millions of Americans their jobs and their homes, closing thousands of businesses and devastating Main Streets across the country.  And over the past two years, this downturn has aggravated an already severe fiscal crisis, brought on by decades of bad habits in Washington.

As a result, the day I walked into this door -- the Oval Office -- the deficit stood at $1.3 trillion, with projected deficits of $8 trillion over the next 10 years.  Partly, this was caused by the recession, which meant the government was taking in less while demanding -- while demand for assistance for those who had lost their jobs was far greater.  Another contributor to our deficit has been the rising costs of health care.  Each year, more tax dollars are devoted to Medicare and to Medicaid. 

But what also made these large deficits possible was that, for years, folks in Washington deferred politically difficult decisions and avoided telling hard truths about the nature of the problem.  The fact is, it’s always easier, when you’re in public life, to share the good news -– to tell people want they want to hear instead of what they need to know.  And, as the gentlemen behind me, Alan Simpson and Erskine Bowles, can attest, this has been the norm around Washington for a very long time when it comes to our finances. 

Now, over the past year, we’ve had to take emergency measures to prevent the recession from becoming another depression.  And at a time when millions of people are out of work, we’ll continue to do what it takes to spur job creation while investing in a new foundation for lasting economic growth. But the emergency measures have added about $1 trillion to the deficit over the next 10 years.  As a result, even as we take these necessary steps in the short term, we have an obligation to future generations to address our long-term, structural deficits, which threaten to hobble our economy and leave our children and grandchildren with a mountain of debt.

And that’s why I asked Congress to restore the “pay as you go” rule.  This rule says that Congress can’t spend a dollar on a new tax cut or entitlement program unless it saves a dollar elsewhere.  It’s what helped lead to the balanced budgets of the 1990s.  In fact, it was only by abandoning “pay as you go” that record surpluses turned into record deficits during the course of a decade.

Next, we’ve been scouring the budget, line by line, identifying more than $20 billion in savings this year alone.  We’ve cut or eliminated scores of outmoded or ineffective programs and begun to reform our bloated contracting system. We’ve also successfully challenged the custom in Congress of courting favored contractors by approving weapons systems the Pentagon itself said that it doesn’t want or need.  Because in these hard times we have to save where we can afford so that we can pay for what we need –- the same way families do.

Finally, I’ve proposed a freeze in government spending for three years.  This won’t affect benefits through Medicare, Medicaid, or Social Security.  And it will not affect national security, including benefits for veterans.  But it will affect all other discretionary spending.  My budget ends loopholes and tax giveaways for oil and gas companies and for the wealthiest 2 percent of Americans –- because we just can’t afford them.  And I kept my promise to pass a health reform bill without adding a dime to the deficit.  In fact, by attacking waste and fraud and promoting better care, reform is expected to bring down our deficits by more than $1 trillion over the next two decades. 

But all these steps, while significant, are simply not enough.  For even as we rein in waste and ask that Congress account for every dollar it spends, this alone will not make up for the years in which those in Washington refused to make hard choices and live within their means.  And it will not make up for the chronic failure to level with the American people about the cost of the services that they value. 

This is going to require people of both parties to come together and take a hard look at the growing gap between what the government spends and what the government raises in revenue.  And it will require that we put politics aside -– that we think more about the next generation than the next election.  There is simply no other way way to do it.

That’s why I appointed the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform -– based on a proposal originally presented by a bipartisan group of senators.  And today, the commission will have its first official meeting.  I am grateful to all of its members –- Democrats and Republicans, folks in government and folks from the private sector –- for participating. 

I especially want to thank Erskine Bowles and Alan Simpson for chairing the commission.  These two men may have different political affiliations, but they share a strength of character, an ability to work across party lines, and a willingness to tell the hard truths even when it’s hard.  These qualities will be essential, as will the courage they’ve already shown by taking on this assignment. 

Now, I’ve said that it’s important that we not restrict the review or the recommendations that this commission comes up with in any way.  Everything has to be on the table.  And I just met briefly with the commission and said the same thing to them.  Of course, this means that all of you, our friends in the media, will ask me and others once a week or once a day about what we’re willing to rule out or rule in when it comes to the recommendations of the commission.  That’s an old Washington game and it’s one that has made it all but impossible in the past for people to sit down and have an honest discussion about putting our country on a more secure fiscal footing.

So I want to deliver this message today:  We’re not playing that game.  I’m not going to say what’s in.  I’m not going to say what’s out.  I want this commission to be free to do its work.

In theory, there are few issues on which there is more vigorous bipartisan agreement than fiscal responsibility.  But in practice, this responsibility for the future is often overwhelmed by the politics of the moment.  It falls prey to special interest pressures, to the pull of local concerns, and to the reality familiar to every single American -- it’s a lot easier to spend a dollar than to save one.  That’s what, at root, led to these exploding deficits.  And that is what will lead to a day of reckoning.  

But I believe, with the help of these gentlemen and this commission, we can begin to meet this challenge in a serious and thoughtful way.  And I believe we must, for the future of our country. 

So, Alan, Erskine, thank you for your participation.  I want to thank all the members of the fiscal commission.  We’ve got a serious group in there of Democrats and Republicans, private sector and public sector, people who are sincere about this effort.  And I told them that we are serious about it as well. 

I think I’ve shown over the last year that I’m willing to do things even when they’re not popular.  A lot of the decisions in terms of getting our budget under control may not be popular, but I think the reason that Alan and Erskine agreed to take on this assignment is that they were convinced I was serious about it.  And I’m going to be standing with them as they come up with the recommendations.

So, thank you very much, everybody.

END
9:59 A.M. EDT

Remarks by The President Honoring the 2009 World Series Champion New York Yankees

East Room

3:15 P.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT:  Hello, everybody.  Everybody have a seat, please.  Hello, everybody, and welcome to the White House.  And congratulations on being World Series champions.  (Applause.)

As you can see, we’ve got a few Yankees fans here in the White House -- (applause) -- who are pretty excited about your visit.  I want to actually start by recognizing Secretary of Treasury Tim Geithner, who is here -- (applause) -- and Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood.  Now, I understand Ray and Joe went to the same high school -– a few years apart.  (Laughter.)  But they grew up obviously big Yankees fans. 

I want to congratulate the Steinbrenner family, Brian Cashman and all the folks who helped to make this team what it is.  (Applause.)  And I want to thank all of the members of the New York congressional delegation.  And I noticed a couple of Connecticut and North Dakota guys showing up here, too -- (laughter) -- all of whom take credit for the Yankees’ success.  (Laughter.) 

Now, it’s been nine years since your last title -– which must have felt like an eternity for Yankees fans.  I think other teams would be just fine with a spell like that.  (Laughter.)  The Cubs, for example.  (Laughter.)  But this is a team that goes down to spring training every year expecting to win it all -- and more often than not, you guys get pretty close.  Of course, if I had Rivera, I’d get pretty close, too.  (Laughter.)  My White Sox would get close every year.  That attitude, that success, has always made the Yankees easy to love -- and, let’s face it, easy to hate as well.  (Laughter.)  For a White Sox fan like me, it’s painful to watch Mariano’s cutter when it’s against my team, or to see the Yankees wrap up the pennant while the Sox are struggling on the South Side.  Although I do remember 2005, people -– (laughter) -- so don’t get too comfortable.  (Laughter.)

But for the millions of Yankees fans in New York and around the world who bleed blue, nothing beats that Yankee tradition:  27 World Series titles; 48 Hall of Famers -- a couple, I expect, standing behind me right now.  From Ruth to Gehrig, Mantle to DiMaggio, it’s hard to imagine baseball without the long line of legends who’ve worn the pinstripes.  Last season, this team continued that legacy, winning 103 games and leaving no doubt who was the best team in baseball.

But what people tend to forget -– especially after watching their teams lose -– is that being a Yankee is as much about character as it is about performance; as much about who you are as what you do.  Being successful in New York doesn’t come easy, and it’s not for everybody.  It takes a certain kind of player to thrive in the pressure cooker of Yankee Stadium -– somebody who is poised and professional, and knows what it takes to wear the pinstripes.  It takes somebody who appreciates how lucky he is, and who feels a responsibility for those who are less fortunate.

So it’s somebody like Mark Teixeira.  Before he was a three-time Golden Glove winner, Mark was a 21-year-old kid fresh out of Georgia Tech.  Shortly after signing his first Major League contract, Mark visited his old high school and asked how much it would cost to set up a scholarship in the name of a friend who had been killed in a car accident.  And when he was told it would cost $75,000, he wrote a check on the spot.  He’s been funding that scholarship ever since -– helping to make the dream of college a reality for students in his hometown.  (Applause.)

Someone like Jorge Posada.  The first time I met Jorge was with his wife.  Where’d Jorge go?  Right here.  (Applause.)  At a fundraiser on behalf of folks who needed help in New York City.  Five-time All Star, one of the emotional leaders of this team, but he’s also the father of a son born with a rare birth defect that has required numerous surgeries and expensive treatments.  And Jorge and his wife have made it their mission to reach out to families who aren’t as fortunate as they are -– offering resources, providing a support network for parents, helping children who suffer from the disease live healthy and happier lives.  And so we’re very proud of the kind of work that Jorge has done.  (Applause.) 

And of course then there’s Jeter.  Where’s Jeter?  (Applause.)  There he is right there.  Sportsman of the Year, according to Sports Illustrated, and you can see why -- passed Lou Gehrig to become the all-time Yankee hit leader.  But Derek would rather tell you a story about being in spring training with another Yankee legend, Don Mattingly.  I love this story.  Walking off an empty field together one day, Mattingly suggested they run to the clubhouse, telling Derek, “You never know who’s watching.”  And Derek took that lesson to heart, and 15 years later, he still runs everywhere like he’s trying out for the track team -– always setting an example, always hustling -- which is why I think everybody says that he epitomizes the best of the Yankee tradition.  (Applause.) 

And then somebody like Joe -– a proud son of Illinois, I want to note.  (Laughter.)  As the youngest manager in Yankee history to win a World Series, Joe is still in better shape than some of the players.  (Laughter.)  I just want to -- he looks good.  But what makes Joe proudest is HOPE Week -- a program where the Yankees help make a difference in the lives of folks in need.  Last year, Joe put out a sign-up sheet for anyone who wanted to participate.  And when he checked the next day, every player, manager and coach had written their name down.  The team ended up winning all five games that week -– a fact that Joe doesn’t think was a coincidence.  And this summer, they’ll be doing it all over again.

That same spirit was on display today, when the team visited members of our Armed Forces recovering at Walter Reed.  They spent time with soldiers and their families -– bringing hope and joy to folks who really need it at a time of great difficulty.  And so I just want to thank you personally for taking the time to do that.  (Applause.) 

In the end, that’s what makes the Yankees special.  It’s not simply the names on the roster or the size of their trophy case -– it’s the people underneath the pinstripes that set this team apart.  It’s the players and coaches who shoulder a legacy unlike any other, but who share a belief that anybody blessed with first-class talent also has an obligation to be a first-class person.
 
That’s what being a Yankee is all about.  That’s why I want to congratulate this team –- for winning the World Series, and for showing every young person what it means to be a true professional.

Congratulations, everybody.  (Applause.)

END
3:22 P.M. EDT