The White House

Office of the First Lady

Declaraciones de la Primera Dama Ante Foro Juvenil

Universidad Iberoamericana, Ciudad de México, México

2:19 P.M. (Local)

SRA. OBAMA: Gracias. Gracias. (Aplausos.) Buenas tardes y muchas gracias. Gracias a usted, Jaime, por su muy amable presentación. Es a la vez un placer y un honor estar en este hermoso país, en esta gran universidad, ante tantos jóvenes sobresalientes de todo México.

Para comenzar, doy las gracias a la señora Margarita Zavala, su Primera Dama, por la gran amabilidad que ha tenido conmigo y con mi familia. Ella es inteligente. Ella es fuerte. Ella es apasionada. Y ella es mi amiga. Lo hemos pasado muy bien juntas, tanto acá en México como durante sus visitas a los Estados Unidos, y anticipo darle la bienvenida a Washington, a ella y a su esposo, el presidente Calderón, en la oportunidad de la cena de estado que tendrá lugar el mes que viene. Y le dije que se prepare para divertirse. (Risas.)

También quiero reconocer la presencia del Embajador de los Estados Unidos en México, el Embajador Pascual. Y quiero agradecerle al Rector de esta institución, el Dr. José Morales Orozco, por su liderazgo y por recibirme hoy. Por último, también doy las gracias al pueblo entero de México por el calor increíble y la hospitalidad con que me ha recibido durante esta visita. Desde el momento de mi llegada, me he sentido entre amigos --(risas) -- lo que es natural dada la amistad estrecha y duradera que une a nuestras dos naciones.

En México residen más ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos que en cualquier otra parte del mundo, y son decenas de millones los estadounidenses que tienen sus raíces en este país.

Durante muchas generaciones, México y los Estados Unidos han estado ligados no sólo por la frontera común sino también por los valores y las aspiraciones que compartimos: la dedicación a la familia y a la fe; la disposición al trabajo intenso y al sacrificio por los hijos; el compromiso con la democracia, que está arraigado en las luchas por la independencia que han definido a nuestras naciones.

Por lo tanto, cuando llegó el momento de decidir mi primer viaje internacional sola en calidad de Primera Dama, la selección no tenía duda: México, por supuesto. (Aplausos.)

Y hay una razón por la que quería venir a la Ibero para hablar con todos ustedes. Es la misma razón por la cual, cuando mi esposo viaja al exterior y habla de los desafíos a los que nos enfrentamos, del extremismo a las armas nucleares, de la pobreza y el hambre al cambio climático y las pandemias, no sólo habla con los presidentes y primeros ministros. No sólo visita palacios y parlamentos. Va también a las escuelas y universidades, donde se reúne con gente como todos ustedes.

Esto no es un accidente.  Hoy día presenciamos lo que se está llegando a conocer como la expansión de la juventud, el crecimiento explosivo de la población joven de muchas naciones de todo el mundo. Acá en México, casi la mitad de la población tiene menos de 25 años de edad.  En el Cercano Oriente, esa proporción es del sesenta por ciento. Y sólo la población joven que está entre los 15 y los 24 forma el veinte por ciento de los habitantes del mundo, por lo que constituye el mayor grupo de la historia que se encuentra en la transición a la edad adulta.

Estamos ante el hecho de que la responsabilidad de confrontar los desafíos característicos de nuestro tiempo pronto recaerá sobre todos ustedes. Muy pronto, el mundo esperará de su generación que haga los descubrimientos y establezca las industrias que impulsarán nuestra prosperidad y asegurarán nuestro bienestar durante decenios.

Esperaremos de su generación que aproveche la energía limpia para propulsar nuestras economías y conservar el planeta para sus hijos y sus nietos.

Esperaremos de su generación que encuentre el valor y la paciencia para resolver los conflictos y cerrar las separaciones que afligen a nuestro mundo.

Y estoy aquí hoy porque creo que todos ustedes, y sus iguales de todo el mundo, están mejor preparados que nunca para superar esos desafíos. Más que cualquier otra generación, todos ustedes son capaces de acceder a la información y de relacionarse entre sí de maneras que mi generación no habría podido imaginar. Con oprimir un botón, pueden intercambiar pensamientos sobre cualquier materia con prácticamente cualquiera en casi cualquier parte del mundo. Tienen una capacidad sin precedentes para organizarse y movilizarse para retar conceptos anticuados, cerrar viejas brechas, y hallar soluciones nuevas a las mayores dificultades.

Y es debido a esa inmensa promesa que me propongo dedicar mi trabajo internacional como primera dama a tratar con los jóvenes como ustedes en todo el mundo.

Mi esposo y yo sabemos que para superar los obstáculos que confrontamos dependerá de si podemos aprovechar las dotes que Dios les ha dado; de eso dependerá de que nos beneficiemos de la industria, de la energía, de las perspectivas de los jóvenes de todas las procedencias y de todas las naciones. Sabemos que la ambición y la habilidad se hallan en todo rincón del planeta.  La cuestión es ésta: ¿Cómo conseguir que esté también la oportunidad?

Bueno, mi esposo y el presidente Calderón se esfuerzan muchísimo en reconstruir nuestros sistemas educativos y en revivir nuestras economías y en generar oportunidades para las juventudes de nuestras dos naciones. Pero los dirigentes y los gobiernos no pueden desempeñar ellos solos esa responsabilidad. Los ciudadanos corrientes deben compartirla también, y eso incluye también a los propios jóvenes.

No basta con cambiar las leyes y las políticas.  Es cuestión de cambiar nuestra opinión acerca de quién puede tener éxito y quién no. Hay que oponerse a las ideas y los supuestos equivocados y anticuados de que los jóvenes de ciertas procedencias no merecen que se los eduque, que las niñas no son tan capaces como los niños, que ciertos jóvenes merecen menos las oportunidades por su religión o discapacidad o raza o clase socioeconómica. Porque hemos visto una y otra vez que ese potencial se encuentra en los lugares más imprevistos.

Mi esposo y yo somos pruebas vivientes de lo que acabo de decir. Los dos venimos de antecedentes modestos.  Nuestras familias no eran ricas.  Mis padres nunca asistieron a la universidad. Mi esposo nunca llegó a conocer de verdad a su padre, y lo crió su madre, sola y con dificultades económicas.

Como muchos niños como nosotros, confrontamos numerosas dificultades: la rémora de las pocas expectativas, las dudas constantes acerca de si podíamos salir adelante, e incluso de si los merecíamos. Ya ven, cuando éramos jóvenes, nadie pudiera haber predicho que un día llegaríamos a ser el Presidente y la Primera Dama de los Estados Unidos de América.

Pero tuvimos suerte y aun más importante, fuimos bendecidos. Nuestras familias creían en nosotros, y nuestros maestros nos obligaban a superarnos, y las universidades vieron nuestras posibilidades y nos dieron oportunidades. Y trabajamos todo lo que pudimos. Aprendimos todo lo que pudimos. Y en consecuencia, estuvimos preparados y posicionados para ir en pos de nuestros sueños.

Y lo que nos sucedió no ha sido una excepción aislada. Eso es lo que les ha sucedido a incontables jóvenes de México, de los Estados Unidos y de todo el mundo que se han esforzado de veras y han superado grandes barreras. A lo largo de la historia ha habido jóvenes cuyo éxito no se ha debido a la herencia o a la genealogía o a los resultados de pruebas escolares, sino a los obstáculos que los pusieron a prueba y los motivaron, y porque alguien en alguna parte creía en ellos y los ayudó a creer en sí mismos.

Cuando quedó huérfano muy joven y buscó trabajo de sirviente, nadie hubiera imaginado que un día Benito Juárez se convertiría en uno de los más grandes presidentes de México. Pero gracias a un fraile franciscano que le ayudó a ingresar a un seminario y comenzar su educación, logró desarrollar todo su potencial.

Uno de los más grandes presidentes de mi país, Abraham Lincoln, nació en una cabaña en el bosque, hecha de troncos de árbol y que consistía en una sola pieza.  Pero tuvo la suerte de tener un maestro que le enseñó a escribir y a argüir.

Y está el ejemplo de Juana de Arco, hija de un campesino; trató de convencer a todo el que la escuchaba que ella salvaría de la derrota al ejército de Francia.  Y cuando hubo un príncipe que creyó en ella, hizo exactamente lo que había dicho que haría.

Ya ven, tantas veces en la historia del mundo han sido el héroe inesperado, la perspectiva insólita, el viaje improbable los que nos han mostrado el camino del progreso. Así es que cuando descartamos a cualquiera de nuestros jóvenes, cuando no aprovechamos su capacidad, debemos pensar en lo que tal vez estemos perdiendo. Piensen en los inventos y las curas que nunca se descubren, en las grandes obras artísticas y literarias que nunca aparecen, en los grandes actos de valor y gobierno que nunca iluminan este mundo.

Mas no se trata de descubrir a esos pocos seres extraordinarios que cambiarán el curso de la historia. Se trata también de derribar las barreras en todo el mundo para que todos nuestros jóvenes consigan aprender y trabajar y convertirse en elementos productivos de nuestras sociedades. Se trata asimismo de juntar las perspectivas y experiencias de los jóvenes de todas las procedencias, en busca de las ideas nuevas que harán más productivos nuestros negocios, más vivas nuestras culturas, y más abiertos y libres nuestros gobiernos.

Pero para lograr esto, para crear oportunidades para más jóvenes, se trata de que todos ustedes que ya tienen su sitio a la mesa hagan su parte para que puedan sentarse los que todavía no pueden hacerlo. Es cuestión de que los jóvenes de todo el mundo se esfuercen para dar a los otros la oportunidad de que no se malgaste su talento y de que se escuche lo que tienen que decir.

Comprendo que en estos tiempos económicamente difíciles en México, en los Estados Unidos y en todo el mundo, muchas personas están luchando y nada está garantizado. Y hasta jóvenes como ustedes que tienen el privilegio de asistir a una universidad como esta tal vez estén inquietos acerca de sus futuros.

Algunos de ustedes quizás estén inquietos por no saber si podrán ejercer una profesión propia. Y puede tentarles la idea de fijarse sólo en sus propios éxitos, recibir el diploma, encontrar el mejor empleo que puedan y nunca volver a mirar hacia atrás.
Pero antes de eso, espero que piensen por un momento en la misión declarada de esta universidad, que consiste en preparar a los estudiantes a “que se comprometan en el servicio a los demás; y desarrollar y difundir el conocimiento para el logro de una sociedad libre, justa, solidaria y productiva”.
Espero que piensen en esas palabras de la Biblia: “A quien se le ha dado mucho, se le exigirá mucho”. Y espero que piensen en los que han hecho historia atendiendo a esas palabras.

Imagínense que Mahatma Ghandi hubiera vivido cómodamente de su profesión de abogado en lugar de encabezar la lucha por los derechos de sus compatriotas y por la independencia de su nación, la labor que ya había comenzado antes de cumplir los treinta. Imagínense que Nelson Mandela hubiera preferido una vida descansada como hijo del jefe de una tribu en lugar de afiliarse al Congreso Nacional Africano a la edad de 24 años y tener que soportar decenios de encarcelamiento para acabar con el apartheid. Imagínense que la Madre Teresa no hubiera hecho caso de su vocación y no se hubiera aventurado a salir por las calles de Calcuta para atender a los desesperados.

Bueno, no quiero decir con esos ejemplos que tienen que hacer voto de pobreza o encabezar un movimiento. Pero lo que sí les pido es que hagan algo, bien en su carrera o como voluntarios, para asegurarse de que otros jóvenes disfruten de las oportunidades que merecen. Eso es lo que muchos como ustedes hacen en todo el mundo y acá mismo en México.

Alberto Salvador, de Guanajuato, nació sordo y al principio le negaron la enseñanza elemental por esa discapacidad. Pero terminó la secundaria con notas sobresalientes, obtuvo un grado en los Estados Unidos, y volvió a México para servir de tutor de niños sordos y en breve comenzará un empleo como maestro.

Y la historia de Mariana Vázquez del Mercado, que está concluyendo los estudios de derecho en la Universidad Panamericana, ha pasado horas de voluntaria en un servicio jurídico gratuito y dirigiendo una asociación que construye viviendas para familias necesitadas. De su trabajo dice que, y esto es textualmente lo que dijo: “El objetivo es demostrar que a pesar de ser jóvenes somos lo suficientemente responsables y conscientes”.

Alberto Irezábal, que se graduó el año pasado de la Ibero, utilizó su proyecto de servicio para ayudar a una comunidad indígena de Chiapas a producir y vender mejor el café que cultivan en sus tierras. De su labor dice, y esto también es textualmente lo que dijo: “Creo que tenemos la responsabilidad de sacar adelante nuestros proyectos, no sólo por nosotros, sino por nuestro país”.

Todos estos jóvenes se esfuerzan por derribar obstáculos y abrir puertas.  Cada uno de ellos da a otros la oportunidad de triunfar. Pero debe estar claro que en este momento no hablo solamente a los estudiantes universitarios. También me dirijo a los jóvenes de México, de los Estados Unidos, y de todo el mundo que sienten que no hay lugar para ellos en universidades como ésta.

Y he conocido a muchos jóvenes en tantos sitios que tienen tanto que ofrecer pero que, por su lugar de nacimiento o por la familia en que nacieron o por las circunstancias de su vida, comienzan a dudar de sí mismos. Empiezan a sentir que no pertenecen o que no están preparados o que no están a la altura y que por lo tanto, no deberían ni intentarlo.

Si bien tuve la suerte de tener tantas oportunidades en mi propia vida, ciertamente comprendo esos sentimientos. Cuando asistí a la universidad por primera vez, dudaba muchísimo de mí misma. Estaba convencida de que los demás eran mucho más inteligentes que yo, y que yo no encajaba en aquel ambiente. Pero pronto me di cuenta de que era tan capaz como los otros estudiantes y que podía contribuir tanto como ellos. Para que eso ocurriera, sólo necesitaba tener un poco de confianza en mi capacidad.

Ahora, es verdad, es la verdad, que algunos de ustedes tendrán que trabajar con mucha más intensidad para llegar a donde quieran. Podrán encontrar más obstáculos, más reveses. Pero quiero que sepan que pertenecen a un lugar como éste tanto como cualquiera de los otros. Tienen tanto que ofrecer como los demás. Solo tienen que creer en sí mismos. Si se niegan a darse por vencidos, no hay nada, nada, que no puedan alcanzar.

Y espero que todos ustedes, todos aquí, cuando se encuentren en dificultades, cuando comiencen a desanimarse -- y les garantizo que sucederá -- espero que piensen en los jóvenes como ustedes en todo el mundo que se han esforzado duramente en los laboratorios y las bibliotecas, en las fábricas y los campos, que han marchado y luchado y sangrado para hacer de este mundo nuestro un mundo mejor.

Espero que piensen en los jóvenes de hace dos siglos que arriesgaron cuanto poseían por la independencia de México. Espero que piensen en los jóvenes de los Estados Unidos que lucharon para asegurar que los ciudadanos, sin importar el género ni el color de la piel, tuvieran el trato igual de la ley. Ustedes y yo estamos aquí gracias a ellos.

Y por último, espero que piensen en jóvenes como Sonia Kim, a quien conocí ayer cuando visitaba Haití. Sonia trabaja en la embajada de los Estados Unidos en Puerto Príncipe.  Y como tanta otra gente que está en Haití ha trabajado casi sin descanso en las labores de socorro que el terremoto ha ocasionado.

Les leeré ahora un correo electrónico que me envió. Este correo electrónico inspiró mi viaje aquí. Ha inspirado mi viaje aquí. Dice así: “Estamos exhaustos, traumatizados, desconsolados.  Pero hemos preferido quedarnos y trabajar. Hemos preferido quedarnos porque amamos Haití y a su gente. Hemos preferido quedarnos porque creemos que nuestro deber es ayudar al pueblo aquí cuando más lo necesita. Hemos preferido quedarnos porque creemos en nuestra misión. Hemos preferido quedarnos porque todavía tenemos la esperanza de que se recupere y renueve, y que el Haití que se reconstruya sea mejor que el de antes”.

Confío en que cada uno de ustedes y de los jóvenes de todo el mundo haga suya esa labor: la de ayudar a los necesitados, la de levantar unas naciones más fuertes y un mundo mejor. Porque si hemos de confrontar los desafíos de nuestro tiempo, si hemos de hacer que nuestro mundo sea más seguro, más sano, más próspero y más libre, nos hará falta la pasión, la osadía y la creatividad de todos y cada uno de ustedes.

Necesitaremos que cada uno trabaje tan intensamente como pueda, hagan todo lo que puedan, impulsados por esa creencia que siempre ha sido el compendio del espíritu de nuestra juventud: tres palabras simples: Sí, se puede.  Sí, se puede.  Sí se puede. Gracias y que Dios les bendiga. (Aplausos.)

                                          END                        2:39 P.M. (Local)

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The White House

Office of the Press Secretary

Declaraciones del Presidente Antes de Reunirse con Lideres de Ambos Partidos Sobre la Reforma Financiera

Sala del Gabinete

10:53 A.M. EDT

     EL PRESIDENTE: Bien, buenos días a todos. Les doy la bienvenida a los líderes del Congreso. Ésta es una de nuestras reuniones periódicas donde, obviamente, empezamos un largo periodo de trabajo, tras salir de otro muy difícil periodo de trabajo.

     Una de las cosas de las que hablaremos será la economía. Voy a presentarles el informe más reciente del Consejo de Asesores Económicos (Council of Economic Advisers) sobre el impacto de la Ley para la Recuperación. Considero que lo que estamos viendo es una mejora significativa en la economía y la estabilización. Pero, obviamente, todos aquí presentes, republicanos y demócratas, reconocemos que todavía queda trabajo por hacer, hay demasiadas personas que todavía no tienen empleo, el mercado inmobiliario sigue en crisis, demasiadas pequeñas empresas no pueden obtener préstamos. Así que vamos a dedicarle un tiempo a explorar cómo podemos afianzar el progreso logrado para asegurarnos de que los estadounidenses promedio vean mejoras en su vida.
 
     También quisiera hablarles de nuestra capacidad de actuar con rapidez respecto al conjunto de medidas de reforma de normatividad financiera. Creo que todos reconocemos que no debe haber circunstancia alguna en que una crisis en el sector financiero vuelva a poner en peligro la economía entera, y si hay una lección que aprendimos bien es que, simple y llanamente es inaceptable un mercado no reglamentado en que la gente toma riesgos enormes y espera que los contribuyentes los rescaten cuando las cosas van mal.

     Y en consecuencia, de hecho, tengo la certeza de que podemos formular un conjunto de medidas eficaces con el respaldo de ambos partidos, que asegure que nunca volvamos a oír que algo es “demasiado grande para dejarlo quebrar”, y que los consumidores estén adecuadamente protegidos en lo que respecta a instrumentos financieros, ya sean préstamos hipotecarios o tarjetas de crédito o tarjetas de débito; que tengamos un mecanismo sólido para reglamentar el mercado de derivados, algo que no tenemos. El mercado de derivados está en las sombras de nuestra economía pero es enormemente influyente, es terriblemente riesgoso. Queremos transparencia para que los reguladores y los estadounidenses promedio sepan lo que está pasando en este enorme segmento del sistema financiero.

     Y tengo la certeza de que si trabajamos juntos, diligentemente en las próximas semanas, podemos formular un conjunto de medidas en beneficio del pueblo estadounidense y que no se vuelva a poner a los estadounidenses en una posición en que tengan que escoger entre una situación económica terrible o recompensar a la gente por tomar decisiones erradas y arriesgarse demasiado. Y esa será la principal prioridad de esta reunión.

     Finalmente, tenemos varios temas que tratar, desde la vacante en la Corte Suprema hasta el tratado START que creo que debemos ratificar, y muchos otros temas relacionados a nombramientos y, obviamente, también voy a escuchar a los líderes del Congreso sobre sus prioridades para los próximos meses.

     Así que les agradezco que se hayan dado el tiempo de venir y espero que ésta no sólo sea una reunión productiva, sino una sesión productiva en las próximas semanas.

     Bueno, gracias a todos por venir.

     P.    ¿Éste es el proyecto de ley de rescate financiero (bailout)... ley de rescate financiero (bailout) como dice el senador McConnell?

     EL PRESIDENTE: Bueno, tengo la total certeza de que el proyecto de ley que aprobemos será un proyecto de ley que evite los rescates financieros (bailouts). Ése es el objetivo. Precisamente.

 
END  10:57A.M. EDT
 

The White House

Office of the First Lady

Remarks by the First Lady at Youth Forum -- Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico

Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico

2:19 P.M. (Local)

MRS. OBAMA:  Thank you.  Thank you.  (Applause.)    Good afternoon, and thank you so much.  Thank you, Jaime, for that very kind and profound introduction.  It is such a pleasure and an honor to be in this beautiful country, at this great university, with so many outstanding young people from all across Mexico.  

Let me start by thanking your First Lady, Mrs. Margarita Zavala.  (Applause.)  I want to thank her for her tremendous kindness not just to me but to my family.  She is smart.  She is tough.  She is passionate.  And she is my friend.  We’ve had a wonderful time together, both here in Mexico and during her visits to the United States.  And I look forward to welcoming her and her husband, President Calderón, to Washington for a state dinner next month.  And I told her to prepare to have fun.  (Laughter.) 

I also want to recognize the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, Ambassador Pascual.  And I want to thank the rector of this school, Dr. Jose Morales Orozco, for his leadership and for hosting me here today.  And finally, I want to thank all of the people of this country for your incredible warmth and hospitality during my visit here.  From the moment I arrived, I felt like I was entre amigos –- (laughter) -- which is only natural given the close and enduring friendship between our two nations.   

Mexico is home to more U.S. citizens living abroad than anywhere else in the world, and tens of millions of Americans trace their roots right here to this country.  And for generations, Mexico and the U.S. have been bound together not just by a shared border, but by shared values and aspirations -– devotion to family and to faith; a willingness to work hard and to sacrifice for our children; a commitment to democracy rooted in struggles for independence that have defined our nations.   

So when it came time for me to decide where to make my first solo international trip as First Lady, the choice was clear:  Mexico, por supuesto!  (Applause.) 

And there’s also a reason why I wanted to come here to the Ibero and speak with all of you.  It’s the same reason why, when my husband travels abroad to talk about the challenges we face –- from extremism to nuclear weapons, from poverty and hunger to climate change and to pandemics –- he doesn’t just meet with presidents and prime ministers.  He doesn’t just visit palaces and parliaments.  He goes to schools and to universities and he meets with young people just like all of you.

And this isn’t an accident.  Today, we’re seeing what has come to be called a “youth bulge” –- an explosion of the youth population in nations around the world.  And here in Mexico, nearly half the population is under the age of 25.  In the Middle East, it’s 60 percent.  And young people between the ages of 15 and 24 alone now make up 20 percent of the world’s citizens.  This is the largest group in history making the transition to adulthood.  

And the fact is, is that responsibility for meeting the defining challenges of our time will soon fall to all of you.  Soon, the world will be looking to your generation to make the discoveries and to build the industries that will fuel our prosperity and ensure our well-being for decades to come. 

We’re going to be looking to your generation to seize the promise of clean energy to power our economies and preserve our planet for your children and your grandchildren.  We’re going to be looking to your generation to find the courage and the patience to resolve the conflicts and to heal the divides that plague our world.

And I’m here today because I believe that all of you, and your peers around the world, are more ready than ever to meet these challenges.  More than any generation in history, you all are able to access information and connect with one another in ways that my generation could never have imagined.  With the click of a button, you can exchange thoughts on any issue with people just about anywhere in the world.  You have an unprecedented ability to organize and to mobilize to challenge old assumptions, and to bridge old divides, and to find new solutions to our toughest problems.  

And it is because of this immense promise that I intend to focus my international work as First Lady on engaging young people just like you all around the world.  
My husband and I know all too well that meeting the challenges that we will face will depend on whether we effectively tap into your God-given potential –- whether we fully benefit from the industry and the energy and the perspectives of young people from every background and every nation.  Because we know that ambition and ability are found in every corner of the globe.  The question is, how do we ensure that opportunity is, too?  

Now, my husband and President Calderon are working hard to rebuild our education systems, to revive our economies, and to create new opportunities for young people in both of our nations.  But leaders and governments can’t shoulder this responsibility alone.  Ordinary citizens must share the responsibility as well -– and that includes young people.

And it’s not just enough just to change laws and policies.  We must also change our perceptions about who can and who can’t succeed.  We have to confront the wrong and outdated ideas and assumptions that only certain young people deserve to be educated; or that girls aren’t as capable as boys; or that some young people are less worthy of opportunities because of their religion or disability or ethnicity or socioeconomic class -- because we have seen time and again that potential can be found in some of the most unlikely places. 

My husband and I are living proof of that.  We both came from very modest backgrounds.  Our families were not wealthy.  My parents never went to college.  My husband never really knew his father and was raised by a young single mother who struggled to pay the bills. 

And like many kids with backgrounds like ours, we faced challenges:  the sting of low expectation; the constant doubts about whether we could succeed, and whether we were even worth the effort.  You see, back when we were young, no one could have predicted that one day we would become the President and First Lady of the United States of America.  

But we were lucky and more importantly we were blessed.  We had families who believed in us.  We had teachers who pushed us.  We had universities that saw our potential and gave us opportunity.  And we worked as hard as we could.  We learned as much as we could.  And as a result, we were prepared and we were poised to pursue our dreams.  

And our stories are not unique.  They’re the stories of countless young people in Mexico, in the United States, and around the world who’ve worked hard and they’ve defied the odds.  They’re the stories of young people throughout history who’ve succeeded not because of their trust fund, or pedigree, or their test scores, but because of challenges that tested and motivated them and made them who they are, and because someone somewhere believed in them and helped them believe in themselves.

When he was orphaned at a young age and sought work as a servant, no one could have imagined that Benito Juarez would one day become one of Mexico’s greatest presidents.  But thanks to a Franciscan friar who helped him join a seminary and get an education, he was able to realize his gifts.

One of my country’s greatest presidents, Abraham Lincoln, was born in a one-room log cabin in the woods –- but was lucky enough to have a teacher who taught him how to write and debate.

And then there’s Joan of Arc, the daughter of a peasant farmer who tried to persuade anyone who would listen that she could rescue the French army from defeat.  And when a prince finally believed her, that’s exactly what she did.  

You see, throughout our world history, it has so often been that unlikely hero, that unusual perspective, that improbable journey that has been the key to our progress.  So when we dismiss any of our young people, when we fail to tap into their potential, we risk losing their promise.  And just think of the inventions and the cures that are never discovered, the great works of art and literature that are never created, the great acts of courage and leadership that never grace this world.   

But this isn’t just about discovering those few extraordinary folks who still or will change the course of history.  It’s also about breaking down barriers across the globe so that all our young people can learn and work and be productive members of our societies.  It’s about seeking the perspectives and experiences of young people from every background –- those new ideas that make our businesses more productive, our cultures more vibrant, and our governments more open and free.  

But in order to do this –- in order to open up opportunities for more young people –- the truth is that those of you who already have a seat at the table must do your part to make room for others who don’t.  Young people around the world must reach out to help others realize their talents and make their voices heard.

Now, I understand that in these difficult economic times here in Mexico, the United States, and around the world, many young people are struggling and nothing is guaranteed.  And even young people like those of you who have the privilege of attending a university like this may be feeling a bit uncertain about your futures. 

Some of you may be worried about whether you’ll even be able to build careers of your own.  And you may be tempted -- tempted to focus solely on your individual success, take your diploma, get you the best job you can, and never look back.  

But before you do that, I hope that you’ll just think, just for a moment, think about the mission statement of this university, and that is to prepare students, and I quote, “to engage in service to others and develop and spread knowledge to achieve a free, fair, united and productive society.”  

I hope that you’ll think of those words from the Bible -– that to whom much is given, much is required.  And I hope that you’ll think of all those who’ve shaped our history by heeding these words.

Imagine if Mahatma Ghandi had led a comfortable existence as a lawyer instead of leading the struggle for the rights of his countrymen and his nation’s independence –- work he started when he was in his twenties.  Imagine if Nelson Mandela had chosen a life of leisure as the son of a tribal leader instead of joining the ANC at the age of 24, and enduring decades behind bars to end apartheid. Imagine if Mother Teresa had never answered her calling and ventured into the streets of Calcutta to tend to those in desperate need.  

Now, I’m not saying that you have to take a vow of poverty or lead a movement.  But I am asking you to do something -– whether through your career, or as a volunteer –- do something to ensure that other young people have the opportunities they deserve as well.  That’s what folks like you are doing every day all across the globe, and right here in Mexico.

Alberto Salvador from Guanajuato was born deaf and was at first denied admission to elementary school because of his disability.  But he completed high school with honors, got a degree in the United States, and then returned here to Mexico where he mentors deaf children and will soon be starting his job as a teacher.

And then there’s Mariana Vazquez del Mercado, who’s finishing law school at Universidad Panamericana.  And she spends hours volunteering in a free legal clinic and she also directs an organization that builds housing for struggling families.  Of her work, she says -- and this is a quote:  “The goal is to show that despite being young, we are sufficiently responsible and aware.” 

Alberto Irezabal, who graduated from the Ibero last year, used his service project to help an indigenous community in Chiapas better produce and sell their locally grown coffee.  And of his work, he says -- this is also a quote:  “I believe we have a responsibility to see that our projects succeed, not just for ourselves, but for our country.” 

Each and every one of these young people is working to break down barriers and to open doors.  Each of them is giving others the chances they’ve had to succeed.  But also let’s be clear –- I’m not just talking to the university students who are here today.  I am also talking to young people here in Mexico, and the United States, and around the world who feel like they have no place at universities like this.  

And I have met so many young people in so many places who have so much to offer, but because of where they’re born, or the family they’re born into, or the circumstances of their lives, they begin to doubt themselves.  They begin to feel like they don’t belong, or they’re not prepared, or they won’t measure up –- so they shouldn’t even try.

Now while I was fortunate to have so many opportunities in my own life, I can certainly understand those feelings.  See, when I first went to college, I was filled with self-doubt.  I was convinced that everyone else was smarter than I was –- and I felt like I just didn’t fit in.  But I soon realized that I was just as capable, and had just as much to contribute, as my classmates.  All I needed was a little confidence in myself to make that happen.

Now, it’s true, it is so true, that some of you might have to work a lot harder to get what you want.  You might face many more obstacles and setbacks.  But I want you to know that you belong in places like this just as much as anyone.  You have just as much to offer as anyone else.  All you have to do is belief in yourself.  If you refuse to give up, then there is nothing –- there is nothing you can’t accomplish.   

And I hope that all of you, all of you here, when you encounter hardships and when you start to get discouraged -- and I guarantee you, you will -- I hope that you’ll think about young people like you all around the world who have toiled in laboratories and libraries, in factories and fields, who have marched and fought and bled to make our world a better place. 

I hope you’ll think about the young people two centuries ago who risked everything they had for Mexico’s independence.  I hope you’ll think about the young people in America who fought to ensure that all citizens, no matter their gender or the color of their skin, were treated equally under the law.  You and I, we’re here today because of them.

And finally, I hope you’ll think about young people like Sonia Kim.  She was a young woman I met yesterday during my visit in Haiti.  Sonia works at the U.S. embassy in Port-au-Prince.  And like so many people in Haiti, she has been working around the clock on the earthquake relief efforts.  

I want to read you an e-mail that she sent me.  This e-mail inspired my trip there.  It’s inspired my trip here.  She wrote:  “We are exhausted, traumatized and heart-broken.  But we choose to stay here and work.  We choose to stay because we love Haiti and its people.  We choose to stay because we believe in our duty to help the people here in their greatest hour of need.  We choose to stay because we believe in our mission.  We choose to stay because we still hold out hope… for recovery and renewal… and for a Haiti built back better than before.”

And I hope that every single one of you, and young people across the globe, will take up that work –- the work of helping others in need, the work of building stronger nations and a better world, because if we’re going to tackle the challenges of our time -– if we’re going to make our world safer and healthier and more prosperous and more free -– we are going to need the passion and the daring and the creativity of every last one of you.  

We’ll need you to work as hard as you can, and do as much as you can, driven by the belief that has always summed up the spirit of our youth -- three simple words: Si, se puede –- Yes, we can.  Yes, we can.  Thank you.  God bless.  (Applause.) 

END
2:39 P.M. (Local)

The White House

Office of the Press Secretary

Remarks by the President before Meeting with Bipartisan Congressional Leadership to Discuss Financial Reform

Cabinet Room

10:53 A.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT:  All right.  Hello, everybody.  I want to welcome congressional leaders to one of our periodic meetings where, obviously, it’s the beginning of a lengthy work period coming off a very tough work period.

One of the things that we’re going to be talking about is the economy.  I'm going to be presenting to them the latest report from the Council of Economic Advisers on the impact of the Recovery Act.  What we’re seeing I think is some significant improvement in the economy and stabilization.  But, obviously, everybody here -- Republican and Democrat -- recognizes we’ve still got work to do; that there are too many people who are still unemployed, the housing market is still very soft, too many small businesses who aren’t getting credit.  And so we’re going to spend some time exploring how can we build on the progress that has been made to make sure that ordinary Americans are seeing improvements in their own lives.

I'm also going to be interested in talking to them about our ability to move quickly on a financial regulatory reform package.  I think all of us recognize that we cannot have a circumstance in which a meltdown in the financial sector once again puts the entire economy in peril, and that if there’s one lesson that we’ve learned it’s that an unfettered market where people are taking huge risks and expecting taxpayers to bail them out when things go sour is simply not acceptable.

As a consequence, I am actually confident that we can work out an effective bipartisan package that assures that we never have “too big to fail” again; that consumers are adequately protected when it comes to financial instruments -- whether it’s mortgages or credit cards or debit cards; that we have a strong mechanism to regulate derivatives, something that we have not had, a derivatives market that is in the shadow economy but is enormously powerful, enormously risky -- we want to get that into daylight so that regulators and ordinary Americans know what’s going on when it comes to this huge segment of the financial system.

And I am confident that if we work together diligently over the next several weeks that we can come up with a package that serves the American people well and does not put Americans ever again in a position where they’re having to choose between a terrible economic situation or rewarding people for failed policies and bad risk-taking.  And so that's going to be a top priority of this meeting.

Finally, we’ve got a range of issues -- from a Supreme Court vacancy, a START treaty that I believe needs to be ratified, a host of other issues related to appointments -- that we’re going to talk about and I'm going to be also obviously listening to congressional leaders about their priorities over the next several months.

So I very much appreciate them taking the time to come and I'm hopeful that this will not only be a productive meeting, but we will see a productive session over the next several weeks.

All right.  Thank you, everyone.

Q    Is the bailout bill -- is this a bailout bill as Senator McConnell says?

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, I am absolutely confident that the bill that emerges is going to be a bill that prevents bailouts.  That's the goal.  All right.

END
10:57 A.M. EDT

The White House

Office of the First Lady

Remarks by the First Lady and Dr. Biden at Thank You Event

UN Logistical Center
Port-au-Prince, Haiti

3:22 P.M. (Local)

DR. BIDEN:  Thank you Mr. Mulet for that introduction, for hosting us on this important visit, and for the ongoing leadership that you and the United Nations team have provided here in Haiti.  And good afternoon and thank you to everyone gathered here today.

It’s truly an honor to be with all of you –- individuals from across the world, along with many Haitians, who have been at the core of the relief and the recovery efforts.

I am honored to be with you today and want to simply say thank you for your heroic actions in recent months.  Your commitment and compassion in the face of unthinkable challenges has inspired the entire world.

Some of your very own here have lost lives, others have risked their lives, and all of you have made us incredibly proud with your determined efforts to save men, women and children –- to provide comfort, and to put Haiti on a path to a brighter future.

All of you in this room know that the devastation in Haiti was unconceivable, and that there is much work to be done.  But after visiting for just a day, I will leave with a renewed sense of hope and optimism because of the will of the Haitian people and the steadfast commitment of those of you standing here today and the international community you represent.

As a teacher, I was especially pleased to visit a school this morning that is providing a sense of normalcy and hope for the children in this area.  And I spoke with Mrs. Préval about the importance of a strong education system to provide young Haitians the chance at a better life.

I also saw rebuilding efforts that will result in more schools.  And with the leadership of the Haitian government, your help and that of the international community, I know these schools will educate Haiti’s future leaders of government, arts, science and business.

Each of you is essential to these efforts.  There is much hard work ahead.  But I know that together with the leadership of the Haitian people, the commitment of the global community, and the ongoing sweat and compassion of those in this room today, we will help Haiti build back better.  (Applause.)

The First Lady and I came here to listen and learn, but also to deliver a sincere and simple message:  Thank you for what you have done and what you will do for this ongoing mission.

I am honored to join First Lady Michelle Obama for this meaningful visit to Haiti.

The President asked Michelle to come here to reiterate the commitment of the United States to Haiti as a steadfast partner, and he could not have asked a more able, dedicated, or compassionate person to deliver this message on behalf of the United States.

I am so proud -- (applause) -- I am so proud and honored to introduce my friend, and a woman we are so fortunate to call our First Lady:  Michelle Obama.  (Applause.)

MRS. OBAMA:  Well, thank you.  Thank you, all.  First let me start by thanking my friend, Jill -- Jill and her husband, that character you know, Vice President Biden, for all that they’ve done over these past few months, especially in support of our wonderful Haitian American communities, in South Florida and across the United States.  Let’s give Jill and Vice President Biden another round of applause.  (Applause.)

And also to Ed Mulet, to David Harland, to Nigel Fisher, General Cruz, and all the United Nations personnel who are here today, thank you.  Thank you for hosting us.  This has been an incredibly warm welcome.  It’s been an incredibly informative visit.  And I want to thank you all for your remarkable service under truly extraordinary circumstances, by any measure.

The mission to help Haiti recover and rebuild is truly, as Dr. Biden said, an international effort -- an international effort that is here at the invitation of the Haitian government and in support of -- by the Haitian people.

And we’re joined today by representatives from many countries, international institutions and NGOs who are playing a vital role in this rebuilding effort.  It is truly an honor to be here with all of you.

This has been a deeply moving day for Jill and I, a very emotional day in so many ways.  And Jill and I first and foremost were grateful for the opportunity to be able to -- sat down with President Préval and the First Lady.  We again expressed to them, as Jill said, America’s deepest condolences, first of all, to the Haitian people for this terrible and tremendous loss.

My husband, the President, asked that we remind President Préval and the people of Haiti that we are going to keep standing with them.  That is for sure.  (Applause.)

So I repeated to President Préval the pledge that my husband made to him at the White House during his visit last month -- that is, as Haiti recovers and rebuilds, you will have a steady and reliable partner in the United States of America.

We had the opportunity also to visit some of the places that reflect the enormous needs of the Haitian people, but also it reflects their amazing strength and resilience.

We visited families living in the tent cities in Champs De Mars -- families who’ve lost everything, everything, and for whom every day is a struggle to stay dry, to feed their children.

We visited a school -- more so, a classroom in buses donated by the Dominican Republic -- where some truly amazing kids were rebuilding and playing and dancing and laughing, even under the circumstances.

We also visited a school that is being rebuilt so that children can realize their dreams of an education and a better life.

We just had a very moving visit at our U.S. embassy with Ambassador Merten, our embassy staff -- Americans as well as Haitians.  They have worked so hard for the past three months.  And some of the civilian and military personnel who’ve been part of the Americans’ contribution to this international effort, we got to spend some time with them.

And like so many of you, they lost colleagues and friends and loved ones.  And our purpose for these visits was to mainly say thank you -- to thank them for their extraordinary service and for delivering on America’s enduring commitment to Haiti.

But we wanted to come here today because, as I said, helping Haiti recover and rebuild has been an international effort.

And those of you here -- those of you here at the United Nations, our many partner nations, these incredibly -- incredible NGOs have really been at the heart of this huge undertaking.

And all of you have displayed such a spirit of compassion and partnership that, frankly, we could use a whole lot more of in the world today.  You all are showing us all how it’s done.

You’ve done this even though so many of you have endured heartbreaking losses yourselves.

Here at the U.N, you lost Hédi Annabi and so many leaders and colleagues and members of the Stabilization Mission.

For the U.N., I understand it has been the single largest loss of life in history.  For each of you, it was the loss of a co-worker, a friend, a fellow peacekeeper.  For those of you in the NGO community, I know that the loss was just as devastating -- friends and partners and neighbors who you worked with every day.

And as we mark the three-month anniversary of this terrible day, I’d like to ask us all to just take a moment of silence to honor all those that we’ve lost.

(There is a pause for a moment of silence.)

We honor every single one of these victims -- people from dozens of nations.

And every day that each of you gets up and go back to work and into the communities that you love, you should know that you’re not only carrying on their work, you’re also honoring their lives and you’re keeping their legacy alive.  So please don’t ever forget that in these times of struggle.

And despite all your loss, you have shown amazing courage and commitment, especially in those first hours and those first days.

One of the first Secretary Generals of the U.N. famously said that the U.N. -- and this is a quote -- was “not created in order to bring us to heaven, but in order to save us from hell.”   And that’s just what you did for so many people here.  You saved them from devastation that was nothing like it on Earth.

You’ve worked around the clock, day after day, clearing rubble, and building shelters, and delivering food, and water, and medicine and supplies to millions of people.  And you’ve done this all with a true spirit of partnership.

Yes, the United States is proud to play a leading role in this effort.  But let’s never forget that this has been one of the largest and most complex relief operations the world has ever attempted -- the world.  And in one way or another, more than 140 nations has helped to make this a reality.

General Peixoto and peacekeepers from dozens of nations restored security so the relief effort could proceed.

And when more peacekeepers were needed, nations around the world stepped up -- especially Brazil, even though it too lost so many in the quake.

And because you live and work in the communities that you serve, those of you in the NGOs were often the first ones on the scene, providing food, and medical care and shelter under nearly impossible conditions.

And I want to salute these inspiring organizations, especially all the Haitian NGOs -- Haitians serving Haitians.  (Applause.)

And so much of your work would be impossible without the generous support of Haitians living abroad, including in the United States.  (Applause.)

To all these NGOs that you all represent, you represent them with the best spirit of service.  And I commend you for joining forces, and working together, and pursuing a common vision of reconstruction.  And as Haiti recovers and rebuilds, you’re going to be indispensable, and America is going to be your partner, too.

So this has truly been a global effort -- an amazing example of what nations and what people can do when they come together to do what’s right.

The road ahead, as you know, is not going to be easy.  And it’s not going to be quick.  As you know, the rainy season is coming soon; it is here.  The hurricane season is coming, too.

But I heard a wonderful Haitian proverb that puts this all in perspective.  And some of you probably know it.  It says, “Little by little, the bird builds its nest.”

And today, the needs of the Haitian people are still overwhelming.  We know that.  I saw that firsthand.  But every day -- and thanks to Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s unprecedented Humanitarian Appeal -- this international effort is bringing more supplies and more shelter so that little by little, daily life will improve.

President Préval and the Haitian government have been working under unimaginable difficulties.  But they have a vision for the future and they have a roadmap to get there.  So little by little, Haiti will move forward.

The destruction is catastrophic.  But last month, the world came together -- dozens of nations, including the United States; the U.N. and other international institutions; and NGOs -- and they made an historic commitment to Haiti’s long-term reconstruction.  So little by little, Haiti will rebuild.

Now, some might ask, after so much misery, how can we still have faith?  After so much ruin, how can Haiti rise again?  After so much loss, how on Earth can you still have hope?

Well, we have hope because we’ve been inspired -- inspired by the resilience and the faith of the Haitian people -- (applause) -- people who have lost everything, except their belief that tomorrow can be a little bit better than today.

And we have hope because the people of Haiti are not alone.  America is standing with Haiti.  (Applause.)  The world is standing with Haiti.  You are all standing with Haiti.  And your commitment and dedication to this country is truly inspiring.

It’s the commitment reflected in an e-mail that I received from one of your embassy staff before I came for this visit, Sonia Kim, who I just got to meet.  And I think that her beautiful words speak to the commitment that all of you bring to this work, wherever you’re from, whatever language you speak.

She wrote:  “We are exhausted, traumatized and heart-broken.  But we choose to stay here and work.  We choose to stay because we love Haiti and its people.  We choose to stay because we believe in our duty to help the people here in their greatest hour of need.  We choose to stay because we believe in our mission.  We choose to stay because we still hold out hope…for recovery and renewal…and for a Haiti built back better than ever before.”

And that’s why I came here today.  (Applause.)  That’s why we have hope.  And that’s why, little by little, we’re going to keep making tomorrow better than today.

Thank you for your incredible service.  We are so proud of you.  The world is proud of you.  The world is watching.  And we wish you nothing but the best.  God bless.  Thank you so much. Applause.)

END
3:38 P.M. (Local)

The White House

Office of the Press Secretary

Press Conference by the President at the Nuclear Security Summit

Washington Convention Center, Washington, D.C.

4:36 P.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT:  Good afternoon, everybody.  We have just concluded an enormously productive day. 

I said this morning that today would be an opportunity for our nations, both individually and collectively, to make concrete commitments and take tangible steps to secure nuclear materials so they never fall into the hands of terrorists who would surely use them. 

This evening, I can report that we have seized this opportunity, and because of the steps we’ve taken -- as individual nations and as an international community -- the American people will be safer and the world will be more secure.

I want to thank all who participated in this historic summit -- 49 leaders from every region of the world.  Today’s progress was possible because these leaders came not simply to talk, but to take action; not simply to make vague pledges of future action, but to commit to meaningful steps that they are prepared to implement right now. 

I also want to thank my colleagues for the candor and cooperative spirit that they brought to the discussions.  This was not a day of long speeches or lectures on what other nations must do.  We listened to each other, with mutual respect.  We recognized that while different countries face different challenges, we have a mutual interest in securing these dangerous materials.

So today is a testament to what is possible when nations come together in a spirit of partnership to embrace our shared responsibility and confront a shared challenge.  This is how we will solve problems and advance the security of our people in the 21st century.  And this is reflected in the communiqué that we have unanimously agreed to today.

First, we agreed on the urgency and seriousness of the threat.  Coming into this summit, there were a range of views on this danger.  But at our dinner last night, and throughout the day, we developed a shared understanding of the risk. 

Today, we are declaring that nuclear terrorism is one of the most challenging threats to international security.  We also agreed that the most effective way to prevent terrorists and criminals from acquiring nuclear materials is through strong nuclear security -- protecting nuclear materials and preventing nuclear smuggling.

Second, I am very pleased that all the nations represented here have endorsed the goal that I outlined in Prague one year ago -- to secure all vulnerable nuclear materials around the world in four years’ time.  This is an ambitious goal, and we are under no illusions that it will be easy.  But the urgency of the threat, and the catastrophic consequences of even a single act of nuclear terrorism, demand an effort that is at once bold and pragmatic.  And this is a goal that can be achieved.

Third, we reaffirmed that it is the fundamental responsibility of nations, consistent with their international obligations, to maintain effective security of the nuclear materials and facilities under our control.  This includes strengthening national laws and policies, and fully implementing the commitments we have agreed to.

And fourth, we recognized that even as we fulfill our national responsibilities, this threat cannot be addressed by countries working in isolation.  So we’ve committed ourselves to a sustained, effective program of international cooperation on national [sic] security, and we call on other nations to join us.

It became clear in our discussions that we do not need lots of new institutions and layers of bureaucracy.  We need to strengthen the institutions and partnerships that we already have -— and make them even more effective.  This includes the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the multilateral partnership that strengthens nuclear security, prevent nuclear trafficking and assist nations in building their capacity to secure their nuclear materials.   

But as I said, today was about taking tangible steps to protect our people.  So we’ve also agreed to a detailed work plan to guide our efforts going forward -- the specific actions we will take.  I want to commend my partners for the very important commitments that they made in conjunction with this summit.  Let me give some examples.

Canada agreed to give up a significant quantity of highly enriched uranium.  Chile has given up its entire stockpile.  Ukraine and Mexico announced that they will do the same.  Other nations -- such as Argentina and Pakistan -- announced new steps to strengthen port security and prevent nuclear smuggling. 

More nations -- including Argentina, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam -- agreed to join, and thus strengthen, the treaties and international partnerships that are at the core of our global efforts.  A number of countries -— including Italy, Japan, India and China -— will create new centers to promote nuclear security technologies and training.  Nations pledged new resources to help the IAEA meet its responsibilities.

In a major and welcomed development, Russia announced that it will close its last weapons-grade plutonium production reactor.  After many years of effort, I’m pleased that the United States and Russia agreed today to eliminate 68 tons of plutonium for our weapons programs -— plutonium that would have been enough for about 17,000 nuclear weapons.  Instead, we will use this material to help generate electricity for our people.

These are exactly the kind of commitments called for in the work plan that we adopted today, so we’ve made real progress in building a safer world.

I would also note that the United States has made its own commitments.  We are strengthening security at our own nuclear facilities, and will invite the IAEA to review the security at our neutron research center.  This reflects our commitment to sharing the best practices that are needed in our global efforts. We’re seeking significant funding increases for programs to prevent nuclear proliferation and trafficking. 

And today, the United States is joining with our Canadian partners and calling on nations to commit $10 billion to extending our highly successful Global Partnership to strengthen nuclear security around the world.

So this has been a day of great progress.  But as I said this morning, this can’t be a fleeting moment.  Securing nuclear materials must be a serious and sustained global effort.  We agreed to have our experts meet on a regular basis —- to measure progress, to ensure that we’re meeting our commitments and to plan our next steps. 

And I again want to thank President Lee and the Republic of Korea for agreeing to host the next Nuclear Security Summit in two years.

Finally, let me say while this summit is focused on securing nuclear materials, this is part of a larger effort -— the comprehensive agenda that I outlined in Prague last year to pursue the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons. Indeed, in recent days we’ve made progress on every element of this agenda.

To reduce nuclear arsenals, President Medvedev and I signed the historic new START treaty —- not only committing our two nations to significant reductions in deployed nuclear weapons, but also setting the stage for further cuts and cooperation between our countries.

To move beyond outdated Cold War thinking and to focus on the nuclear dangers of the 21st century, our new Nuclear Posture Review reduces the role and number of nuclear weapons in our national security strategy.  And for the first time, preventing nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism is at the top of America’s nuclear agenda, which reaffirms the central importance of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

And next month in New York, we will join with nations from around the world to strengthen the NPT as the cornerstone of our global efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons even as we pursue greater civil nuclear cooperation.  Because for nations that uphold their responsibilities, peaceful nuclear energy can unlock new advances in medicine, in agriculture, and economic development. 

All of these efforts are connected.  Leadership and progress in one area reinforces progress in another.  When the United States improves our own nuclear security and transparency, it encourages others to do the same, as we’ve seen today.  When the United States fulfills our responsibilities as a nuclear power committed to the NPT, we strengthen our global efforts to ensure that other nations fulfill their responsibilities. 

So again, I want to thank my colleagues for making this unprecedented gathering a day of unprecedented progress in confronting one of the greatest threats to our global security.  Our work today not only advances the security of the United States, it advances the security of all mankind, and preventing nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism will remain one of my highest priorities as President.      

So with that, I'm going to take a few questions.  I'm going to start with Bill Plante from CBS.

Q    Mr. President, thank you.  The communiqué states in no uncertain terms that all of the unprecedented cooperation for which you’re calling will be done on a voluntary basis, not a binding commitment.  What’s the likelihood that countries which have been at odds over these issues for a number of years are now going to cooperate?  How can this be enforced?

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, let’s just take a specific example, Bill.  For about 10 years, we had been encouraging Ukraine to either ship out its highly enriched uranium or transform it to a lower-grade -- a lower-enriched uranium.  And in part because of this conference, Ukraine took that step, announced that it would complete this step over the next couple of years.

So all the commitments that we talked about are ones that we’ve already booked, even before the communiqué and the work plan gets put into place.  And that indicates the degree to which I think that there’s actually strong unanimity about the importance of this issue as a threat to the global and international community. 

Now, keep in mind that we also have a number of international conventions that have been put in place.  Not all of them have been ratified.  In fact, the United States needs to work on a couple of these conventions dealing with the issues of nuclear terrorism and trafficking.  But what this does is it sets out a bold plan.  And what I'm encouraged about is the fact that we’ve already seen efforts that had been delayed for years, in some cases, since the end of the Cold War, actually finally coming to fruition here at this -- at this summit.

Q    It all depends on goodwill, sir?

THE PRESIDENT:  Bill, the point is that we’ve got world leaders who have just announced that in fact this is a commitment that they’re making.  I believe they take their commitments very seriously.

If what you’re asking is, is do we have a international “one world” law enforcement mechanism -- we don’t.  We never have.

So in all of our efforts internationally, in every treaty that we sign, we’re relying on goodwill on the part of those who are signatories to those efforts.  That’s the nature of international relations.

Jake Tapper, ABC.

Q    Thank you, Mr. President.  The Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson said today that pressure and sanctions -- speaking of Iran’s nuclear program -- pressure and sanctions cannot fundamentally solve the problem.  I was wondering if you could clarify exactly what you believe President Hu Jintao has agreed to, whether you think there actually will be economic sanctions with teeth that the Chinese will sign off on; and what you have told the Chinese in terms of their concern about how much fuel they get from Iran, what the U.S. can help them with in that regard.  Thank you, sir.

THE PRESIDENT:  Here’s what I know.  The Chinese have sent official representatives to negotiations in New York to begin the process of drafting a sanctions resolution.  That is part of the P5-plus-1 effort.  And the United States is not moving this process alone; we’ve got the participation of the Russians as well as the other members of the P5-plus-1, all of whom believe that it is important for us to send a strong signal to Iran that their consistent violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions as well as their obligations under the NPT have consequences, and that they’ve got a better path to take.

Now, you’re exactly right, Jake, that the Chinese are obviously concerned about what ramifications this might have on the economy generally.  Iran is an oil-producing state.  I think that a lot of countries around the world have trade relationships with Iran.  And we’re mindful of that.  But what I said to President Hu and what I’ve said to every world leader that I talked to is that words have to mean something, there have to be some consequences.  And if we are saying that the NPT is important, if we’re saying that non-proliferation is important, then when those obligations are repeatedly flouted, then it’s important for the international community to come together.

And what I would say is that if you consider where we were, say, a year ago, with respect to the prospect of sanctions, the fact that we’ve got Russia and China, as well as the other P5-plus-1 members having a serious discussion around a sanctions regime, following up on a serious sanctions regime that was passed when North Korea flouted its obligations towards the NPT, it’s a sign of the degree to which international diplomacy is making it more possible for us to isolate those countries that are breaking their international obligations.

And as I said I think several weeks ago, my interest is not having a long, drawn-out process for months.  I want to see us move forward boldly and quickly to send the kind of message that will allow Iran to make a different calculation. 

And keep in mind, I have said repeatedly that under the NPT Iran has the right to develop peaceful civilian nuclear energy -- as do all signatories to the NPT.  But given the repeated violations that we’ve seen on the part of Iran, I think understandably the world community questions their commitment towards a peaceful civilian energy program. 

They have a way of restoring that trust.  For example, we put before them -- I’m saying the P5-plus-1, now, as well as the IAEA -- put before them a very reasonable approach that would have allowed them to continue their civilian peaceful nuclear energy needs, but would have allayed many of the concerns around their nuclear weapons program.  They have rejected that so far.  And that’s why it’s important -- and I said from the start that we’re going to move on a dual track, and part of that dual track is making sure that a sanctions regime is in place.

Last point I’ll make about sanctions.  Sometimes I hear the argument that, well, sanctions aren’t really going to necessarily work.  Sanctions aren’t a magic wand.  What sanctions do accomplish is hopefully to change the calculus of a country like Iran so that they see that there are more costs and fewer benefits to pursuing a nuclear weapons program.  And in that process what we hope is, is that if those costs get high enough and the benefits are low enough, that in time they make the right decision not just for the security and prosperity of the world but also for their own people.

Scott Wilson, Washington Post.  Where’s Scott?  There we go.

Q    Thank you, Mr. President.  You have spoken often about the need to bring U.S. policy in line with its treaty obligations internationally to eliminate the perception of hypocrisy that some of the world sees toward the United States and its allies.  In that spirit and in that venue, will you call on Israel to declare its nuclear program and sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty?  And if not, why wouldn’t other countries see that as an incentive not to sign on to the treaty that you say is important to strengthen?

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, Scott, initially you were talking about U.S. behavior and then suddenly we’re talking about Israel. Let me talk about the United States.  I do think that as part of the NPT our obligation as the largest nuclear power in the world is to take steps to reducing our nuclear stockpile.  And that’s what the START treaty was about -- sending a message that we are going to meet our obligations. 

And as far as Israel goes, I’m not going to comment on their program.  What I’m going to point to is the fact that consistently we have urged all countries to become members of the NPT. 

So there’s no contradiction there.  We think it is important that we have a international approach that is universal and that rests on three pillars:  that those of us who have nuclear weapons are making serious efforts to reduce those stockpiles; that we all are working against the proliferation of nuclear weapons and those countries that don’t currently have nuclear weapons make the decision not to pursue nuclear weapons; and that all countries have access to peaceful nuclear energy.

And so whether we’re talking about Israel or any other country, we think that becoming part of the NPT is important.  And that, by the way, is not a new position.  That’s been a consistent position of the United States government even prior to my administration.

Let me call on Stephen Collinson of AFP.

Q    Thank you, Mr. President.  In your meeting with President Hu, did he give you any indication he would heed your call for a more market-oriented exchange rate for the yuan?  If there’s going to be a change, when would you envisage that taking place?  And what happened in the last few weeks to help you move on from a period of -- quite a stormy period of public disagreements with China?

THE PRESIDENT:  The fact is, actually, that the relationship between my administration and the Chinese government has been very productive during the course of the last year and a half.  We started off working together at various multilateral fora -- the first one in London with the G20.  I then, out of the bilateral meetings that we had, worked with President Hu to set up a strategic and economic dialogue that looks at a whole range of areas in which the United States and China can cooperate.  I made a visit to China that both of us considered very successful.

Now, there are some areas where we’ve got disagreement.  And those disagreements are not new, and I have to say that the amount of turbulence, as you put it, that occurred was actually relatively modest when you look at the overall trajectory of U.S.-China relations.  I mean, at no point was there ever a suggestion that it’s not in the interest of both our countries to cooperate, and that we have not only important bilateral business to do but also we are two very important countries in multilateral settings that have to deal with issues like climate change and the world economy in concert.

With respect to the currency issue, President Hu and I have had a number of frank conversations.  As part of the G20 process we all signed on to the notion that a rebalancing of the world economy would be important for sustained economic growth and the prevention of future crises.  And China, like the United States, agreed to that framework.

We believe that part of that rebalancing involves making sure that currencies are tracking roughly the market and not giving any one country an advantage over the other.  And I’ve been very clear of the fact that it is my estimation that the RMB is under-valued and that China’s own decision in previous years to begin to move towards a more market-oriented approach is the right one.  And I communicated that once again to President Hu.  I think China, rightly, sees the issue of currency as a sovereign issue.  I think they are resistant to international pressure when it comes to them making decisions about their currency policy and monetary policy.

But it is my belief that it is actually in China’s interest to achieve this rebalancing, because over time China is going to have to shift away from an economy that is solely oriented on exports and is going to have to start shifting towards an economy that is emphasizing domestic consumption and production, and is preventing bubbles from building up within the economy.  And all of that will be facilitated with a more market-oriented currency approach.

So I don’t have a timetable, but it is my hope that China will make a decision that ultimately will be in their best interest.

Bob Burns of AP.

Q    Mr. President, a few minutes ago when you were explaining the purpose of sanctions against Iran you said the point is to change Iranian government calculations, leading to altered behavior.  Why hasn’t that happened in the case of North Korea, which, unlike Iran, actually does have nuclear weapons?

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, I’m not going to give you a full dissertation on North Korean behavior.  I think it’s fair to say that North Korea has chosen a path of severe isolation that has been extraordinarily damaging to its people, and that it is our hope that as pressure builds for North Korea to improve its economic performance, for example, to break out of that isolation that we’ll see a return to the six-party talks and that we will see a change in behavior.

As I said, sanctions are not a magic wand.  Unfortunately, nothing in international relations is.  But I do think that the approach that we’ve taken with respect to North Korea makes it more likely for them to alter their behavior than had there been no consequences whatsoever to them testing a nuclear weapon.

Chuck Todd.

Q    Thank you, Mr. President.  Given the goals of this conference and the goals of your administration on nuclear policy, why does it appear as if Pakistan is playing by a different set of rules?  I know they have not signed on to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but it appears they’re expanding their nuclear program and the proximity to al Qaeda.  Should there be more pressure internationally on Pakistan, not just coming from the United States, but the world?

THE PRESIDENT:  I don’t think Pakistan is playing by a different set of rules.  I think we’ve been very clear to Pakistan, as we have been to every country, that we think they should join the NPT.  I have actually seen progress over the last several years with respect to Pakistan’s nuclear security issues.

I want to lower tensions throughout South Asia when it comes to nuclear programs.  And I think that the fact that President [sic] Gilani came here, signed on to a communiqué, and made a range of commitments that will make it more likely that we don’t see proliferation activities or trafficking occurring out of Pakistan is a positive thing.

Do we have a lot more work to do?  Absolutely.  But I think that President -- Prime Minister Gilani’s presence here was an important step in assuring that we do not see a nuclear crisis anywhere in South Asia.

Okay?  All right, Jeff Mason.

Q    Thank you, Mr. President.  A follow-up question on two that have been asked.  First, how realistic do you believe it is that countries will agree on sanctions in the coming weeks, which is the deadline that you’re looking for?  And a second, a follow-up on Pakistan -- is the United States confident that Pakistan’s nuclear materials are protected and will not be vulnerable to terrorists like al Qaeda?

THE PRESIDENT:  To take the second question first, just as a part of a follow-up on Chuck’s question, I feel confident about Pakistan’s security around its nuclear weapons programs.  But that doesn’t mean that there isn’t improvement to make in all of our nuclear security programs.  You’ll recall that we had a little incident a while back where we had nuclear-tipped missiles on a bomber flying across the United States and nobody knew about it.  And Secretary Gates took exactly the right step, which was to hold those in charge accountable and to significantly alter our practices to make sure something like that didn’t happen again.

So I think it’s important to note that every nuclear power, every country that has a civilian nuclear energy program, has to take better steps to secure these materials.  And Pakistan is not exempt from that, but we aren’t, either.  And that’s I think the goal of this summit, and that was the goal of the communiqué and the work plan that we put forward.

With respect to sanctions, I think that we have a strong number of countries on the Security Council who believe this is the right thing to do.  But I think these negotiations can be difficult.  And I am going to push as hard as I can to make sure that we get strong sanctions that have consequences for Iran as it’s making calculations about its nuclear program and that those are done on a timely basis.

I’m not going to speculate beyond that in terms of where we are.

Last question, Ed Chen of Bloomberg.

Q    Thank you, Mr. President.  Good afternoon.  Given the progress you have cited in recent days on your foreign policy agenda, to what extent do you feel like you have gained political capital with which to take further to the international stage for the rest of this year, to perhaps rejuvenate some initiatives in trouble spots such as the Middle East and elsewhere?

THE PRESIDENT:  Well, I think the work that we’ve done in recent days around nuclear security and nuclear disarmament are intrinsically good.  They’re good just in and of themselves.  And so we’re very pleased with the progress that we’ve made.  And we could not have done this without extraordinary cooperation first from President Medvedev when it came to the START treaty, and then from my colleagues who were here today when it came to this Nuclear Security Summit.

What I think it signifies is the fact that so many of the challenges that we face internationally can’t be solved by one nation alone.  But I do think that America’s leadership is important in order to get issues on the international agenda and to move in concert with other countries to have an effective response.

There are a host of other issues, obviously, that have to be addressed and one of the points that was made actually during the communiqué is we’re talking here about the instruments of potential war or terrorism, but obviously there are also the reasons, the rationales, the excuses for conflict, that have to be addressed as well.

And I remain committed to being a partner with countries around the world, and in particular hot spots around the world, to see if we can reduce those tensions and ultimately resolve those conflicts.  And the Middle East would be a prime example.  I think that the need for peace between Israelis and Palestinians and the Arab states remains as critical as ever. 

It is a very hard thing to do.  And I know that even if we are applying all of our political capital to that issue, the Israeli people through their government, and the Palestinian people through the Palestinian Authority, as well as other Arab states, may say to themselves, we are not prepared to resolve this -- these issues -- no matter how much pressure the United States brings to bear. 

And the truth is, in some of these conflicts the United States can’t impose solutions unless the participants in these conflicts are willing to break out of old patterns of antagonism. I think it was former Secretary of State Jim Baker who said, in the context of Middle East peace, we can’t want it more than they do. 

But what we can make sure of is, is that we are constantly present, constantly engaged, and setting out very clearly to both sides our belief that not only is it in the interests of each party to resolve these conflicts but it’s also in the interest of the United States.  It is a vital national security interest of the United States to reduce these conflicts because whether we like it or not, we remain a dominant military superpower, and when conflicts break out, one way or another we get pulled into them.  And that ends up costing us significantly in terms of both blood and treasure.

So I’m going to keep on at it.  But I think on all these issues -- nuclear disarmament, nuclear proliferation, Middle East peace -- progress is going to be measured not in days, not in weeks.  It’s going to take time.  And progress will be halting.  And sometimes we’ll take one step forward and two steps back, and there will be frustrations.  And so it’s not going to run on the typical cable news 24/7 news cycle.  But if we’re persistent, and we’ve got the right approach, then over time, I think that we can make progress.

All right?  Thank you very much, everybody.

END
5:11 P.M. EDT

The White House

Office of the Press Secretary

Remarks by the President at the Opening Plenary Session of the Nuclear Security Summit

Washington Convention Center
Washington, D.C.

9:45 A.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT:  Good morning, everybody.  I’d like to get started.  Let me begin by thanking all of you for your participation last night.  I thought it was a very important discussion.

Before I begin, I want to take this moment once again to acknowledge the terrible tragedy that struck the Polish people this weekend.  We are joined today by a distinguished delegation from Poland, led by Ambassador Kupiecki.  Mr. Ambassador, all of us were shocked and deeply saddened by the devastating loss of President Kaczynski, the First Lady, and so many distinguished civilian and military leaders from your country.  This was a loss, not just for Poland, but for the world.

As a close friend and ally, the United States stands with Poland and Poles everywhere in these very difficult days.  As an international community, I know that we will all rally around the Polish people, who have shown extraordinary strength and resilience throughout their history.  So our hearts go out to your people.  Our thoughts and prayers are with them.  We join them in this time of mourning.  And so, if everybody is agreeable, I would like to ask for a moment of silence to show that solidarity and to honor those who were lost.

(Pause for moment of silence.)

Thank you.  It is my privilege to welcome you to Washington and to formally convene this historic summit.  We represent 47 nations from every region of the world, and I thank each of you for being here.  This is an unprecedented gathering to address an unprecedented threat.

Two decades after the end of the Cold War, we face a cruel irony of history -- the risk of a nuclear confrontation between nations has gone down, but the risk of nuclear attack has gone up.

Nuclear materials that could be sold or stolen and fashioned into a nuclear weapon exist in dozens of nations.  Just the smallest amount of plutonium -- about the size of an apple -- could kill and injure hundreds of thousands of innocent people.  Terrorist networks such as al Qaeda have tried to acquire the material for a nuclear weapon, and if they ever succeeded, they would surely use it.  Were they to do so, it would be a catastrophe for the world -- causing extraordinary loss of life, and striking a major blow to global peace and stability.

In short, it is increasingly clear that the danger of nuclear terrorism is one of the greatest threats to global security -- to our collective security.

And that’s why, one year ago today in -- one year ago in Prague, I called for a new international effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear materials around the world in four years.  This is one part of a broader, comprehensive agenda that the United States is pursuing -- including reducing our nuclear arsenal and stopping the spread of nuclear weapons -- an agenda that will bring us closer to our ultimate goal of a world without nuclear weapons.

Over the past year, we’ve made progress.  At the United Nations Security Council last fall, we unanimously passed Resolution 1887 endorsing this comprehensive agenda, including the goal of securing all nuclear materials.  Last night, in closed session, I believe we made further progress, pursuing a shared understanding of the grave threat to our people.

And today, we have the opportunity to take the next steps.

We have the opportunity, as individual nations, to take specific and concrete actions to secure the nuclear materials in our countries and to prevent illicit trafficking and smuggling.  That will be our focus this morning.

We have the opportunity to strengthen the International Atomic Energy Agency, the IAEA, with the resources and authorities it needs to meet its responsibilities.  That will be our focus at our working lunch.

We have the opportunity, as an international community, to deepen our cooperation and to strengthen the institutions and partnerships that help prevent nuclear materials from ever falling into the hands of terrorists.  And that will be our focus this afternoon.

And we have the opportunity, as partners, to ensure that our progress is not a fleeting moment, but part of a serious and sustained effort.  And that’s why I am so pleased to announce that President Lee has agreed to host the next Nuclear Security Summit in the Republic of Korea in two years.  This reflects South Korea’s leadership, regionally and globally, and I thank President Lee and the South Korean people for their willingness to accept this responsibility.

I’d ask President Lee just to say a few words.

PRESIDENT LEE:  Thank you for all colleagues, for supporting Korea to host next summit in 2012.

I assure you I will do best to make this summit a success.  So I hope to see all of you in Korea.  Thank you.  (Appause.)

THE PRESIDENT:  Thank you very much.

So today is an opportunity -- not simply to talk, but to act.  Not simply to make pledges, but to make real progress on the security of our people.  All this, in turn, requires something else, which is something more fundamental.  It will require a new mindset -- that we summon the will, as nations and as partners, to do what this moment in history demands.

I believe strongly that the problems of the 21st century cannot be solved by any one nation acting in isolation.  They must be solved by all of us coming together.

At the dawn of the nuclear age that he helped to unleash, Albert Einstein said:  “Now everything has changed…”  And he warned: “We are drifting towards a catastrophe beyond comparison.  We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive.”

That truth endures today.  For the sake of our common security, for the sake of our survival, we cannot drift.  We need a new manner of thinking -- and action.  That is the challenge before us.  And I thank all of you for being here to confront that challenge together, in partnership.

And with that, I’m going to ask that we take a few moments to allow the press to exit before our first session.

END
9:53 A.M. EDT

The White House

Office of the Press Secretary

Declaraciones del Presidente en la Sesión Plenaria de Apertura de la Cumbre sobre Seguridad Nuclear

Centro de Convenciones de Washington
Washington, D.C.

9:45 A.M. EDT

   EL PRESIDENTE: Buenos días a todos. Me gustaría comenzar. Permítanme empezar agradeciéndoles a todos por su participación anoche. Me pareció una conversación muy importante. 

Antes de comenzar, quisiera volver a expresar mis condolencias por la terrible tragedia que afectó al pueblo polaco este fin de semana. Nos acompaña hoy aquí una distinguida delegación de Polonia, dirigida por el embajador Kupiecki. Señor embajador, todos nosotros estamos conmocionados y sumamente tristes por la trágica muerte del Presidente Kaczynski, la Primera Dama y tantos distinguidos líderes civiles y militares de su país. Fue una pérdida no sólo para Polonia, sino para el mundo.

Como buenos amigos y aliados, Estados Unidos apoya a Polonia y los polacos en todas partes en este momento tan difícil. Sé que como comunidad internacional, todos apoyaremos al pueblo polaco, que ha demostrado fortaleza y resistencia extraordinarias en el transcurso de su historia. Entonces, acompañamos en el sentimiento al pueblo polaco. Nuestros pensamientos y oraciones están con ustedes. Nos unimos a ellos en este momento de dolor. Y, entonces, si todos están de acuerdo, permítanme pedirles un minuto de silencio para demostrar nuestra solidaridad y rendirles homenaje a los fallecidos.

(Pausa para el minuto de silencio.)

Gracias. Es un privilegio para mí darles la bienvenida a Washington y dar inicio formalmente a esta histórica cumbre. Representamos a 47 países de todas las regiones del mundo, y le agradezco a cada uno de ustedes por su presencia. Ésta es una reunión sin precedente para hacerle frente a una amenaza sin precedente.

Dos décadas después del final de la Guerra Fría, enfrentamos la cruel ironía de la historia: el peligro de una confrontación nuclear entre naciones ha disminuido, pero el peligro de un ataque nuclear ha aumentado.
 
Hay materiales nucleares que se podrían vender o robar y usarse para un arma nuclear en decenas de países. Una cantidad mínima de plutonio –aproximadamente del tamaño de una manzana– podría matar y lesionar a cientos de miles de inocentes. Redes terroristas como Al Qaida han tratado de adquirir materiales para un arma nuclear, y si algún día logran hacerlo, no hay duda de que los usarían. Si lo hicieran, podría ser una catástrofe para el mundo, que causaría enormes pérdidas de vidas y asestaría un gran golpe a la paz y estabilidad internacional.

En pocas palabras, cada vez está más claro que el peligro del terrorismo nuclear es una de las mayores amenazas para la seguridad mundial, para nuestra seguridad colectiva.

Y por eso, hoy hace exactamente un año en... hace un año en Praga, propuse un nuevo esfuerzo internacional para almacenar de manera segura al cabo de cuatro años todos los materiales nucleares vulnerables alrededor del mundo. Éste es un aspecto de un plan más extenso e integral que sigue Estados Unidos, el cual incluye reducir nuestro arsenal nuclear y detener la proliferación de armas nucleares, un plan que nos llevará más cerca a nuestro objetivo final de un mundo sin armas nucleares.

En el último año hemos alcanzado logros. En el Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas en el otoño, aprobamos unánimemente la Resolución 1887 que respalda este plan integral e incluye el objetivo de almacenar de manera segura todos los materiales nucleares. Anoche, en sesión cerrada, a mi parecer, avanzamos más al procurar un entendimiento común sobre la grave amenaza para nuestros pueblos.

Y hoy, tenemos la oportunidad de tomar medidas adicionales.

Tenemos la oportunidad, como países individuales, de tomar medidas específicas y concretas para almacenar de manera segura los materiales nucleares en nuestros países y evitar el tráfico y contrabando ilícito. Ése será nuestro propósito esta mañana.

Tenemos la oportunidad de fortalecer el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica, el OIEA, con los recursos y facultades que necesita para cumplir con sus responsabilidades. Ése será nuestro propósito en el almuerzo de trabajo.

Tenemos la oportunidad, como comunidad internacional, de aumentar nuestra cooperación y reforzar las instituciones y alianzas que ayudan a evitar que materiales nucleares jamás caigan en manos de terroristas. Y ése será nuestro propósito esta tarde.

Y tenemos la oportunidad, como aliados, de asegurarnos de que nuestro progreso no sea un momento fugaz, sino un esfuerzo serio y sostenido. Y por eso me complace anunciar que el Presidente Lee ha acordado celebrar la próxima Cumbre sobre la Seguridad Nuclear en la República de Corea dentro de dos años. Esto refleja el liderazgo de Corea del Sur, tanto en el ámbito regional como a nivel global, y le agradezco al Presidente Lee y al pueblo de Corea del Sur por estar dispuestos a aceptar esta responsabilidad.

Quiero pedirle al Presidente Lee que diga unas cuantas palabras.

   PRESIDENTE LEE: Gracias por convocarnos, por apoyar que Corea sea el anfitrión de la próxima cumbre en el 2012.

   Les aseguro que haré lo posible por hacer que esa cumbre sea un éxito. O sea que espero verlos a todos en Corea. Gracias. (Aplausos.)

   EL PRESIDENTE: Muchas gracias.  

Entonces, hoy es una oportunidad, no sólo de hablar sino de actuar. No sólo de hacer promesas, sino de alcanzar verdaderos logros para la seguridad de nuestros pueblos. Todo esto, a su vez, requiere otra cosa, que es incluso más importante. Requerirá de un nuevo modo de pensar, que logremos tener la voluntad, como países y aliados, de hacer lo que este momento de la historia exige.

Creo firmemente que los problemas del siglo XXI no los puede resolver una sola nación actuando de manera aislada. Debemos resolverlos todos nosotros, actuando unidos.

Al inicio de la era nuclear que ayudó a iniciar, Albert Einstein dijo: “Ahora todo ha cambiado…” Y advirtió: “Estamos dejándonos llevar hacia una catástrofe sin comparación. Requeriremos una manera fundamentalmente nueva de pensar si la humanidad ha de sobrevivir”.

Ese hecho perdura hoy en día. En aras de nuestra seguridad común, en aras de nuestra supervivencia, no podemos dejarnos llevar. Necesitamos una nueva manera de pensar y de actuar. Ése es el desafío ante nosotros. Y les agradezco a todos por estar aquí para hacerle frente a este desafío juntos, en colaboración.

Y con eso, les voy a pedir unos momentos para permitir que la prensa salga antes de nuestra primera sesión.

          FIN      9:53 A.M. EDT

 

The White House

Office of the Vice President

Remarks by The Vice President before a Lunch Meeting with Foreign Leaders and Dignitaries

Naval Observatory
Washington, D.C.

THE VICE PRESIDENT:  Before we begin, I would like to ask for a moment of silence for the passing of our colleague, Polish President Lech Kaczynski, who with other members of the Polish government perished this week.  Thank you.

Once again, I welcome all of you to Washington and welcome you to our home.  This week, in my view and the President’s view, represents a historic gathering of leaders working toward a historic task of creating a better and a safer world for all our peoples.

The President and I are honored that you’ve all agreed to be here this week.  We value deeply the ability to bring so many important voices together, so many diverse opinions, in search of a common goal.

The goals of the non-aligned movement and my country on the important issues of nuclear security, non-proliferation, as well as other issues have never been closer than they are today, in our view.  Our nuclear posture review that we’ve just completed has made it clear that the United States is committed to reducing the number of nuclear weapons in our arsenal and reducing their role in our defense.

Along with the START treaty signed with Russia last week, we’ve made clear that the reductions that are going to take place between our countries are going to be real, transparent, and legally binding.

And the President of the United States has committed our country to seek peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons.  We believe that is ultimately an achievable goal, and that is our goal.

We know that some of the countries here and elsewhere believe that we have not been moving fast enough or that we can do more.  Well, there is room to disagree on the exact approach of reducing nuclear weapons, but make no mistake about it this administration is intent on reducing and continuing to reduce our nuclear weapons.

The one thing we can all agree on, I hope, is that adding more nuclear weapons or more nuclear-weapon states is the exact wrong approach at this moment in the world’s history, one that endangers the entire community of nations were we allow it to happen.

We can also agree, I hope, that controlling all nuclear materials that can produce a bomb is in the interest of every one of us gathered around this table and everyone in the world.  As world leaders, we all know that there are extremist groups and non-state actors seeking that capability right now, seeking to gain access to nuclear materials to make a nuclear bomb.

There are hundreds of tons of nuclear material scattered over 40 countries, including the United States of America and many in the countries here.  And just 50 pounds of high purity uranium smaller than a soccer ball could destroy the downtown of all our capital cities and kill tens if not hundreds of thousands of individuals.  So it’s very much in our interest to gain control.

This is the horrific threat that we all face together, and one that we are determined we will defeat together.  This week is testament to the common ground we all share.  But just as we all agree on the need to prevent a nuclear disaster, we also agree on the benefits of nuclear technology and peaceful nuclear power, what it can do to bring the world -- if properly managed and protected -- to a better place.

The United States of America stands fully committed to supporting the promotion of peaceful benefits of nuclear power, in the context though -- in the context of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty.  But, again, here we can all agree that those who have developed nuclear technology should do so -- are going to develop a peaceful nuclear technology must do so wisely, with a proper attention to security, good governance, and as safely as it can possibly be done.

As countries seeking to develop your nuclear sectors, we stand ready to support you, to share our experience with you.

And we recognize that it is not a problem for governments alone to control this fissile material, it requires good regulations and public-private partnerships to get it right.

More than half the world’s dangerous nuclear materials are owned not by governments but by industry.  And we will work with them, as we will work with you, to address our common concerns.

Later this week, I’ll be hosting a roundtable for companies from the world’s leading nuclear industries to see how we can further enhance a partnership and guarantee their safety and security.

So, again, let me thank each and every one of you for coming today this afternoon to our home.  And I ask that this week we help each other seize this historic opportunity that is in front of us to make the world we share together a safer and a more harmonious place.

I thank you all for coming, and I thank the press for being here.  And now we’ll have some lunch, and have a discussion.  Thank you.

END

The White House

Office of the Press Secretary

Remarks by President Obama and President Zuma of South Africa before Bilateral Meeting

Blair House

4:19 P.M. EDT

PRESIDENT OBAMA:  Good afternoon, everybody.  I want to officially welcome the South African delegation to this nuclear summit and thank President Zuma for his extraordinary leadership.

So far today I've already met with Prime Minister Singh of India, as well as the President of Kazakhstan, and now we are meeting with the President of South Africa.  I'll be meeting with the Prime Minister of Pakistan after this meeting. 

The central focus of this nuclear summit is the fact that the single biggest threat to U.S. security, both short term, medium term and long term, would be the possibility of a terrorist organization obtaining a nuclear weapon.  This is something that could change the security landscape of this country and around the world for years to come.  If there was ever a detonation in New York City, or London, or Johannesburg,  the ramifications economically, politically, and from a security perspective would be devastating.  And we know that organizations like al Qaeda are in the process of trying to secure a nuclear weapon -- a weapon of mass destruction that they have no compunction at using.

Unfortunately, we have a situation in which there is a lot of loose nuclear material around the world.  And so the central focus for this summit is getting the international community on the path in which we are locking down that nuclear material in a very specific time frame with a specific work plan.  And one of the things that I'm very pleased about is that countries have embraced this goal and they’re coming to this summit, not just talking about general statements of support but rather very specific approaches to how we can solve this profound international problem.

I wanted to especially single out South Africa because South Africa is singular in having had a nuclear weapon program, had moved forward on it, and then decided this was not the right path; dismantled it; and has been a strong, effective leader in the international community around non-proliferation issues.

And so South Africa has special standing in being a moral leader on this issue.  And I wanted to publicly compliment President Zuma and his administration for the leadership they’ve shown.  And we are looking forward toward the possibility of them helping to guide other countries down a similar direction of non-proliferation. 

But I feel very good at this stage in the degree of commitment and sense of urgency that I've seen from the world leaders so far on this issue.  We think we can make enormous progress on this.  And this then becomes part and parcel of the broader focus that we've had over the last several weeks, with the signing of the START treaty between the United States and Russia, reducing our nuclear stockpiles; a Nuclear Posture Review that has been released that sends a clear signal that those who abide by the non-proliferation treaties will have negative assurances, meaning that if they’re abiding by their obligations, then they will not be targeted for potential nuclear weapons.  And this then becomes a central part of a process that is probably the most urgent one and one that we're most concerned with in the short term.

So, thank you again, Mr. President, for your participation and your leadership.  Thank you.

Thank you, everybody.

END
4:23 P.M. EDT