Remarks by the President on Small Business Jobs Bill

Rose Garden

4:43 P.M. EDT

     THE PRESIDENT:  Good afternoon, everybody.  I just met with my Cabinet and members of my economic team, and I wanted to speak about a few developments concerning our ongoing efforts to strengthen the economy and the middle class. 

After months of partisan blockade in the Senate, we are finally on the verge of passing a small business jobs bill that will cut taxes and provide loans for millions of small business owners across America. 

And while I am grateful for this progress, it should not have taken this long to pass this bill.  At a time when small business owners are still struggling to make payroll and they’re still holding off hiring, we put together a plan that would give them some tax relief and make it easier for them to take out loans.  It’s a bill that’s paid for.  It won’t add a dime to the deficit.  It’s a bill that was written by both Democrats and Republicans. 

But for months, the Republican leadership in the Senate has said no.  For months, they’ve used legislative maneuvers to prevent this bill from even coming up for a vote.  And all the while, small business owners kept waiting for help.  They kept putting off plans to hire more workers and grow their businesses. 
Now, thankfully, two Republican senators –- Senators George Voinovich and George LeMieux –- have refused to support this blockade any longer.  And because of their decision, this small business jobs bill will finally pass. 

I want to thank them for their efforts, because they understand that we simply don’t have time anymore to play games. Not just on this small business jobs bill.  Let me give you another example.  Right now, we could decide to extend tax relief for the middle class.  Right now, we could decide that every American household would receive a tax cut on the first $250,000 of their income. 

But once again, the leaders across the aisle are saying no. They want to hold these middle-class tax cuts hostage until they get an additional tax cut for the wealthiest 2 percent of Americans.

We simply can’t afford that.  It would mean borrowing $700 billion in order to fund these tax cuts for the very wealthiest Americans -- $700 billion to give a tax cut worth an average of $100,000 to millionaires and billionaires.  And it’s a tax cut economists say would do little to add momentum to our economy.

Now, I just don’t believe this makes any sense.  Even as we debate whether it’s wise to spend $700 billion on tax breaks for the wealthy, doesn’t it make sense for us to move forward with the tax cuts that we all agree on?  We should be able to extend right now middle-class tax relief on the first $250,000 of income -- which, by the way, 97 percent of Americans make less than $250,000 a year.  So right off the bat, 97 percent of all Americans would get tax relief on all their income.  People who are making more than $250,000 a year, say, you’re making half a million dollars, you’d still get tax relief on half your income.

     And everybody agrees that this makes sense.  Middle-class families need this relief.  These are the Americans who saw their wages and incomes flat-line over the last decade, who’ve seen the costs of everything from health care to college tuition skyrocket and who have been hardest hit by this recession. 

     Extending these tax cuts is right.  It is just.  It will help our economy because middle-class folks are the folks who are most likely to actually spend this tax relief -- for a new computer for the kids or for maybe some home improvement. 

     And if the other party continues to hold these tax cuts hostage, these are the same families who will suffer the most when their taxes go up next year.  And if we can’t get an agreement with Republicans, that's what will happen. 

     So we don't have time for any more games.  I understand there’s an election coming up.  But the American people didn't send us here to just think about our jobs; they sent us here to think about theirs.  They sent us here to think about their lives and their children’s lives, and to be responsible, and to be serious about the challenges we face as a nation. 

     That's what members of both parties have now done with the small business jobs bill.  And I hope we can work together to do the same thing on middle-class tax relief in the weeks to come. 

     Thanks very much, everybody.

                                          END             4:47 P.M. EDT
 

 

Remarks by the President in Back to School Speech in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Julia R. Masterman Laboratory and Demonstration School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

1:05 P.M. EDT

THE PRESIDENT:  Thank you!  Hello!  (Applause.)  Thank you.  Thank you.  Well, hello, Philadelphia!  (Applause.)  And hello, Masterman.  It is wonderful to see all of you.  What a terrific introduction by Kelly.  Give Kelly a big round of applause.  (Applause.)  I was saying backstage that when I was in high school, I could not have done that.  (Laughter.)  I would have muffed it up somehow.  So we are so proud of you and everything that you’ve done.  And to all the students here, I’m thrilled to be here. 

We’ve got a couple introductions I want to make.  First of all, you’ve got the outstanding governor of Pennsylvania, Ed Rendell, in the house.  (Applause.)  The mayor of Philadelphia, Michael Nutter, is here.  (Applause.)  Congressman Chaka Fattah is here.  (Applause.)  Congresswoman Allyson Schwartz is here.  (Applause.)  Your own principal, Marge Neff, is here.  (Applause.)  The school superintendent, Arlene Ackerman, is here and doing a great job.  (Applause.)  And the Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, is here.  (Applause.) 

And I am here.  (Applause.)  And I am thrilled to be here.  I am just so excited.  I’ve heard such great things about what all of you are doing, both the students and the teachers and the staff here.

Today is about welcoming all of you, and all of America’s students, back to school, even though I know you’ve been in school for a little bit now.  And I can’t think of a better place to do it than at Masterman.   (Applause.)  Because you are one of the best schools in Philadelphia.  You are a leader in helping students succeed in the classroom.  Just last week, you were recognized by a National Blue Ribbon -- as a National Blue Ribbon School because of your record of achievement.  And that is a testament to everybody here –- to the students, to the parents, to the teachers, to the school leaders.  It’s an example of excellence that I hope communities across America can embrace.

Over the past few weeks, Michelle and I have been getting Sasha and Malia ready for school.  And they’re excited about it.  I’ll bet they had the same feelings that you do -- you’re a little sad to see the summer go, but you’re also excited about the possibilities of a new year.  The possibilities of building new friendships and strengthening old ones, of joining a school club, or trying out for a team.  The possibilities of growing into a better student and a better person and making not just your family proud but making yourself proud.

But I know some of you may also be a little nervous about starting a new school year.  Maybe you’re making the jump from elementary to middle school, or from middle school to high school, and you’re worried about what that’s going to be like.  Maybe you’re starting a new school.  You’re not sure how you’ll like it, trying to figure out how you’re going to fit in.  Or maybe you’re a senior, and you’re anxious about the whole college process; about where to apply and whether you can afford to go to college.

And beyond all those concerns, I know a lot of you are also feeling the strain of some difficult times.  You know what’s going on in the news and you also know what’s going on in some of your own families.  You’ve read about the war in Afghanistan.  You hear about the recession that we’ve been through.  And sometimes maybe you’re seeing the worries in your parents’ faces or sense it in their voice.

So a lot of you as a consequence, because we’re going through a tough time a country, are having to act a lot older than you are.  You got to be strong for your family while your brother or sister is serving overseas, or you’ve got to look after younger siblings while your mom is working that second shift.  Or maybe some of you who are little bit older, you’re taking on a part-time job while your dad’s out of work.

And that’s a lot to handle.  It’s more than you should have to handle.  And it may make you wonder at times what your own future will look like, whether you’re going to be able to succeed in school, whether you should maybe set your sights a little lower, scale back your dreams.

But I came to Masterman to tell all of you what I think you’re hearing from your principal and your superintendent, and from your parents and your teachers:  Nobody gets to write your destiny but you.  Your future is in your hands.  Your life is what you make of it.  And nothing -- absolutely nothing -- is beyond your reach, so long as you’re willing to dream big, so long as you’re willing to work hard.  So long as you’re willing to stay focused on your education, there is not a single thing that any of you cannot accomplish, not a single thing.  I believe that.

And that last part is absolutely essential, that part about really working hard in school, because an education has never been more important than it is today.  I’m sure there are going to be times in the months ahead when you’re staying up late doing your homework or cramming for a test, or you’re dragging yourself out of bed on a rainy morning and you’re thinking, oh, boy, I wish maybe it was a snow day.  (Laughter.) 

But let me tell you, what you’re doing is worth it.  There is nothing more important than what you’re doing right now.  Nothing is going to have as great an impact on your success in life as your education, how you’re doing in school.

More and more, the kinds of opportunities that are open to you are going to be determined by how far you go in school.  The farther you go in school, the farther you’re going to go in life.  And at a time when other countries are competing with us like never before, when students around the world in Beijing, China, or Bangalore, India, are working harder than ever, and doing better than ever, your success in school is not just going to determine your success, it’s going to determine America’s success in the 21st century.

So you’ve got an obligation to yourselves, and America has an obligation to you, to make sure you’re getting the best education possible.  And making sure you get that kind of education is going to take all of us working hard and all of us working hand in hand.

It takes all of us in government -- from the governor to the mayor to the superintendent to the President -- all of us doing our part to prepare our students, all of them, for success in the classroom and in college and in a career.  It’s going to take an outstanding principal, like Principal Neff, and outstanding teachers like the ones you have here at Masterman -- teachers who are going above and beyond the call of duty for their students.  And it’s going to take parents who are committed to your education.
    
Now, that’s what we have to do for you.  That’s our responsibility.  That’s our job.  But you’ve got a job, too.  You’ve got to show up to school on time.  You’ve got to pay attention in your class.  You’ve got to do your homework.  You’ve got to study for exams.  You’ve got to stay out of trouble.  You’ve got to instill a sense of excellence in everything that you do.  That kind of discipline, that kind of drive, that kind of hard work, is absolutely essential for success.

And I can speak from experience here because unlike Kelly, I can’t say I always had this discipline.  See, I can tell she was always disciplined.  I wasn’t always disciplined.  I wasn’t always the best student when I was younger.  I made my share of mistakes.  I still remember a conversation I had with my mother in high school.  I was kind of a goof-off.  And I was about the age of some of the folks here.  And my grades were slipping.  I hadn’t started my college applications.  I was acting, as my mother put it, sort of casual about my future.  I was doing good enough.  I was smart enough that I could kind of get by.  But I wasn’t really applying myself.

And so I suspect this is a conversation that will sound familiar to some students and some parents here today.  She decided to sit me down and said I had to change my attitude.  My attitude was what I imagine every teenager’s attitude is when your parents have a conversation with you like that.  I was like, you know, I don’t need to hear all this.  I’m doing okay, I’m not flunking out.

So I started to say that, and she just cut me right off.  She said, you can’t just sit around waiting for luck to see you through.  She said, you can get into any school you want in the country if you just put in a little bit of effort.  She gave me a hard look and she said, you remember what that’s like?  Effort?  (Laughter.)  Some of you have had that conversation.  (Laughter.)  And it was pretty jolting hearing my mother say that.

But eventually her words had the intended effect, because I got serious about my studies.  And I started to make an effort in everything that I did.  And I began to see my grades and my prospects improve.

And I know that if hard work could make the difference for me, then it can make a difference for all of you.  And I know that there may be some people who are skeptical about that.  Sometimes you may wonder if some people just aren’t better at certain things.  You know, well, I’m not good at math or I’m just not really interested in my science classes.

And it is true that we each have our own gifts, we each have our own talents that we have to discover and nurture.  Not everybody is going to catch on in certain subjects as easily as others.

But just because you’re not the best at something today doesn’t mean you can’t be tomorrow.  Even if you don’t think of yourself as a math person or a science person, you can still excel in those subjects if you’re willing to make the effort.  And you may find out you have talents you never dreamed of.

Because one of the things I’ve discovered is excelling -- whether it’s in school or in life -- isn’t mainly about being smarter than everybody else.  That’s not really the secret to success.  It’s about working harder than everybody else.  So don’t avoid new challenges -- seek them out, step out of your comfort zone, don’t be afraid to ask for help.  Your teachers and family are there to guide you.  They want to know if you’re not catching on to something because they know that if you keep on working at it, you’re going to catch on.

Don’t feel discouraged; don’t give up if you don’t succeed at something the first time.  Try again, and learn from your mistakes.  Don’t feel threatened if your friends are doing well; be proud of them, and see what lessons you can draw from what they’re doing right.

Now, I’m sort of preaching to the choir here because I know that’s the kind of culture of excellence that you promote at Masterman.  But I’m not just speaking to all of you, I’m speaking to kids all across the country.  And I want them to all here that same message:  That’s the kind of excellence we’ve got to promote in all of America’s schools.

That’s one of the reasons why I’m announcing our second Commencement Challenge.  Some of you may have heard of this.  If your school is the winner, if you show us how teachers and students and parents are all working together to prepare your kids and your school for college and a career, if you show us how you’re giving back to your community and your country, then I will congratulate you in person by speaking at your commencement.

Last year I was in Michigan at Kalamazoo and had just a wonderful time.  Although I got to admit, their graduating class was about 700 kids and my hands were really sore at the end of it because I was shaking all of them.  (Laughter.)

But the truth is, an education is about more than getting into a good college.  It’s about more than getting a good job when you graduate.  It’s about giving each and every one of us the chance to fulfill our promise, and to be the best version of ourselves we can be.  And part of that means treating others the way we want to be treated -- with kindness and respect.  So that’s something else that I want to communicate to students not just here at Masterman but all across the country.

Sometimes kids can be mean to other kids.  Let’s face it.  We don’t always treat each other with respect and kindness.  That’s true for adults as well, by the way. 

And sometimes that’s especially true in middle school or high school, because being a teenager isn’t easy.  It’s a time when you’re wrestling with a lot of things.  When I was in my teens, I was wrestling with all sorts of questions about who I was.  I had a white mother and a black father, and my father wasn’t around; he had left when I was two.  And so there were all kinds of issues that I was dealing with.  Some of you may be working through your own questions right now and coming to terms with what makes you different.

And I know that figuring out all of that can be even more difficult when you’ve got bullies in a class who try to use those differences to pick on you or poke fun at you, to make you feel bad about yourself.

And in some places, the problem is even more serious.  There are neighborhoods in my hometown of Chicago, and there are neighborhoods right here in Philadelphia where kids are doing each other serious harm. 

So, what I want to say to every kid, every young person -- what I want all of you -- if you take away one thing from my speech, I want you to take away the notion that life is precious, and part of what makes it so wonderful is its diversity, that all of us are different.  And we shouldn’t be embarrassed by the things that make us different.  We should be proud of them, because it’s the thing that makes us different that makes us who we are, that makes us unique.  And the strength and character of this country has always come from our ability to recognize -- no matter who we are, no matter where we come from, no matter what we look like, no matter what abilities we have -- to recognize ourselves in each other.
 
I was reminded of that idea the other day when I read a letter from Tamerria Robinson.  She’s a 12-year-old girl in Georgia.  And she told me about how hard she works and about all the community service she does with her brother.  And she wrote, “I try to achieve my dreams and help others do the same.”  “That,” she said, “is how the world should work.”  That’s a pretty good motto.  I work hard to achieve my goals and then I try to help others to achieve their goals. 

And I agree with Tamerria.  That’s how the world should work.  But it’s only going to work that way if all of you get in good habits while you’re in school.  So, yes, each of us need to work hard.  We all have to take responsibilities for our own education.  We need to take responsibility for our own lives.  But what makes us who we are is that here, in this country, in the United States of America, we don’t just reach for our own dreams, we try to help others do the same.  This is a country that gives all its daughters and all of its sons a fair chance, a chance to make the most of their lives and fulfill their God-given potential.

And I’m absolutely confident that if all of our students -- here at Masterman and across this country -- keep doing their part, if you guys work hard and you’re focused on your education, you keep fighting for your dreams and then you help each other reach each other’s dreams, then you’re not only going to succeed this year, you’re going to succeed for the rest of your lives.  And that means America will succeed in the 21st century. 

So my main message to all of you here today:  I couldn’t be prouder of you.  Keep it up.  All of you I know are going to do great things in the future.  And maybe some time in the 21st century, it’s going to be one of you that’s standing up here speaking to a group of kids as President of the United States.

Thank you.  God bless you, and God bless the United States of America.  Thank you.  (Applause.) 

END
1:23 P.M. EDT

Remarks of President Barack Obama -As Prepared for Delivery - Back to School Speech

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

September 14, 2010

As Prepared for Delivery—

Hello Philadelphia! It’s wonderful to be here. Today is about welcoming all of you and all of America’s students back to school – and I can’t think of a better place to do it than Masterman. You’re one of the best schools in Philadelphia – a leader in helping students succeed in the classroom. And just last week, you were recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School for your record of achievement. That’s a testament to everyone here – students and parents, teachers and school leaders. And it’s an example of excellence I hope communities across America embrace.

Over the past few weeks, Michelle and I have been getting Sasha and Malia ready for school. And I bet a lot of you are feeling the same way they’re feeling. You’re a little sad to see the summer go, but you’re also excited about the possibilities of a new year. The possibilities of building new friendships and strengthening old ones. Of joining a school club, or trying out for a team. The possibilities of growing into a better student, and a better person, and making your family proud.

But I know some of you may also be nervous about starting a new school year. Maybe you’re making the jump from elementary to middle school, or from middle to high school, and worried about what that’ll be like. Maybe you’re starting a new school, and not sure how you’ll like it.  Or maybe you’re a senior who’s feeling anxious about the whole college process; about where to apply and whether you can afford to go.

And beyond all these concerns, I know a lot of you are also feeling the strain of these difficult times. You know what’s going on in the news and your own family’s lives. You read about the war in Afghanistan. You hear about the recession we’ve been through. You see it in your parents’ faces and sense it in their voice.

A lot of you are having to act a lot older than you are; to be strong for your family while your brother or sister is serving overseas; to look after younger siblings while your mom works that second shift; to take on a part-time job while your dad is out of work.

It’s a lot to handle; it’s more than you should have to handle. And it may make you wonder at times what your own future will look like; whether you’ll be able to succeed in school; whether you should set your sights a little lower, and scale back your dreams.

But here is what I came to Masterman to tell you: nobody gets to write your destiny but you. Your future is in your hands. Your life is what you make of it. And nothing – absolutely nothing – is beyond your reach. So long as you’re willing to dream big. So long as you’re willing to work hard. So long as you’re willing to stay focused on your education.

That last part is absolutely essential – because an education has never been more important. I’m sure there will be times in the months ahead when you’re staying up late cramming for a test, or dragging yourselves out of bed on a rainy morning, and wondering if it’s all worth it. Let me tell you, there is no question about it. Nothing will have as great an impact on your success in life as your education.

More and more, the kinds of opportunities that are open to you will be determined by how far you go in school. In other words, the farther you go in school, the farther you’ll go in life. And at a time when other countries are competing with us like never before; when students around the world are working harder than ever, and doing better than ever; your success in school will also help determine America’s success in the 21st century.

So, you have an obligation to yourselves, and America has an obligation to you to make sure you’re getting the best education possible. And making sure you get that kind of education is going to take all of us working hand-in-hand.

It will take all of us in government – from Harrisburg to Washington – doing our part to prepare our students, all of them, for success in the classroom, in college, and in a career. It will take an outstanding principal and outstanding teachers like the ones here at Masterman; teachers who go above and beyond for their students. And it will take parents who are committed to your education.

That’s what we have to do for you. That’s our responsibility. That’s our job. But here’s your job. Showing up to school on time. Paying attention in class. Doing your homework. Studying for exams. Staying out of trouble. That kind of discipline and drive – that kind of hard work – is absolutely essential for success.

I know – because I didn’t always have it. I wasn’t always the best student when I was younger; I made my share of mistakes. In fact, I can still remember a conversation I had with my mother in high school, when I was about the age of some of you here today. It was about how my grades were slipping, how I hadn’t even started my college applications, how I was acting, as she put it, “casual” about my future. It’s a conversation I suspect will sound familiar to some of the students and parents here today.

And my attitude was what I imagine every teenager’s attitude is in a conversation like that. I was like, I don’t need to hear all this. So, I started to say that, and she just cut me right off. You can’t just sit around, she said, waiting for luck to see you through. She said I could get into any school in the country if I just put in a little effort. Then she gave me a hard look and added, “Remember what that’s like? Effort?”

It was pretty jolting, hearing my mother say that. But eventually, her words had their intended effect. I got serious about my studies. I made an effort. And I began to see my grades – and my prospects – improve. And I know that if hard work could make the difference for me, it can make the difference for you, too.

I know some of you may be skeptical about that. You may wonder if some people are just better at certain things. And it’s true that we each have our own gifts and talents we need to discover and nurture. But just because you’re not the best at something today doesn’t mean you can’t be tomorrow. Even if you don’t think of yourself as a math person or as a science person – you can still excel in those subjects if you’re willing to make the effort. And you may find out you have talents you’d never dreamed of.

You see, excelling in school or in life isn’t mainly about being smarter than everybody else. It’s about working harder than everybody else. Don’t avoid new challenges – seek them out, step out of your comfort zone, and don’t be afraid to ask for help; your teachers and family are there to guide you. Don’t feel discouraged or give up if you don’t succeed at something – try it again, and learn from your mistakes. Don’t feel threatened if your friends are doing well; be proud of them, and see what lessons you can draw from what they’re doing right.

That’s the kind of culture of excellence you promote here at Masterman; and that’s the kind of excellence we need to promote in all America’s schools. That’s why today, I’m announcing our second Commencement Challenge. If your school is the winner; if you show us how teachers, students, and parents are working together to prepare your kids for college and a career; if you show us how you’re giving back to your community and our country – I’ll congratulate you in person by speaking at your commencement.

But the truth is, an education is about more than getting into a good college or getting a good job when you graduate. It’s about giving each and every one of us the chance to fulfill our promise; to be the best version of ourselves we can be. And part of what that means is treating others the way we want to be treated – with kindness and respect.

Now, I know that doesn’t always happen. Especially not in middle or high school. Being a teenager isn’t easy. It’s a time when we’re wrestling with a lot of things. When I was your age, I was wrestling with questions about who I was; about what it meant to be the son of a white mother and a black father, and not having that father in my life. Some of you may be working through your own questions right now, and coming to terms with what makes you different.

And I know that figuring all that out can be even more difficult when you’ve got bullies in class who try to use those differences to pick on you or poke fun at you; to make you feel bad about yourself. In some places, the problem is more serious. There are neighborhoods in my hometown of Chicago, where kids have hurt one another. And the same thing has happened here in Philly.

So, what I want to say to you today – what I want all of you to take away from my speech – is that life is precious, and part of its beauty lies in its diversity. We shouldn’t be embarrassed by the things that make us different. We should be proud of them. Because it’s the things that make us different that make us who we are. And the strength and character of this country have always come from our ability to recognize ourselves in one another, no matter who we are, or where we come from, what we look like, or what abilities or disabilities we have.

I was reminded of that idea the other day when I read a letter from Tamerria Robinson, an 11-year old girl in Georgia. She told me about how hard she works, and about all the community service she does with her brother. And she wrote, “I try to achieve my dreams and help others do the same.”  “That,” she wrote, “is how the world should work.”

I agree with Tamerria. That is how the world should work. Yes, we need to work hard. Yes, we need to take responsibility for our own education. Yes, we need to take responsibility for our own lives. But what makes us who we are is that here, in this country, we not only reach for our own dreams, we help others do the same. This is a country that gives all its daughters and all its sons a fair chance. A chance to make the most of their lives. A chance to fulfill their God-given potential.

And I’m absolutely confident that if all our students – here at Masterman, and across this country – keep doing their part; if you keep working hard, and focusing on your education; if you keep fighting for your dreams and if all of us help you reach them; then not only will you succeed this year, and for the rest of your lives, but America will succeed in the 21st century. Thank you, God bless you, and may God bless the United States of America.
 

Remarks by the President in Discussion on the Economy in Fairfax, Virginia

Home of Armstrong-Nicholas Family, Fairfax, Virginia

1:55 P.M. EDT

      THE PRESIDENT:  I want to say a special thanks to John and Nicole.  Trevor and Olivia are back there.

     MS. ARMSTRONG:  They’re turning the A/C unit off.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Yes, exactly.  That’s all right.  But I'm so grateful for their hospitality.  They are just a wonderful family, and for them to open up their backyard for us is just terrific.  So this is really -- oh, I’ve got a mic.  So thank you to the entire family for opening up -- and thanks to all of you for taking the time to be here.  Because I want to -- I was telling John and Nicole that a lot of times, when you're in Washington, you're busy, you’ve got a lot of stuff to do, and you're in a bubble when you're President.  And sometimes you just don't have the opportunity to have the kinds of interactions that I used to have even when I was a senator.

And so these kinds of formats are terrific for me.  And my hope is, is that despite all these people who are here with cameras and microphones and all that stuff, that people won't be shy -- because the whole point of this is for me to hear directly from you and to answer your questions, hear about your concerns, hear about your hopes, and hopefully that will translate itself into some of the things that we're doing at the White House.

     I obviously want to make some introductions that -- I think all of you know that you’ve got some members of Congress who are working very hard here in Northern Virginia, and I want to acknowledge them.  First of all, Congressman Jim Moran, who’s been doing great work for a very long time.  (Applause.)  Congressman Gerry Connolly has been doing terrific work here locally and now on Capitol Hill.  (Applause.)  We've got Sharon Bulova, who is the chairwoman of the Fairfax County Board of Commissioners.  (Applause.)

And we've also got a couple of small business owners, because one of the things I want to talk about is how we can grow the economy and get people back to work, and so who better to hear from than a couple of small business owners.  Don't worry, I'm not going to call on you, but I'm just glad you're here.

First of all, we've got Cherrelle Hurt, who is the owner of As We Grow Learning Center.  Hey, Cherrelle.  Thanks for being here.  (Applause.)  And Larry Poltavtsev -- did I say that right, Larry? -- who is the CEO of Target Labs, Inc.  (Applause.)  And so we're glad that you guys could join us.

Now, I'm only going to say a few things at the top.  And I want to talk a little bit about why I decided to run for President in the first place, back in 2007-2008.

Having served as a state senator, having then served as a United States senator, I had had a chance to see how economic policies were having an effect on working-class families and middle-class families for a long time.  And my wife and I, we came out of hardworking families who didn’t have a lot, but because the economy was growing, because there was an emphasis on what was good for the middle class, we were able to get a great education, we were able to get scholarships.  Michelle’s dad worked as a blue-collar worker, but just on that one salary he was able to provide for his family and make sure that they always had enough and the kids had opportunities.

And what it seemed like was, for about a decade there, middle-class families were losing more and more ground.  And some of that had to do with changes in the global economy and greater competition from around the world.  But a lot of it had to do with the policies that had been put in place, which really boiled down to cutting taxes, especially for millionaires and billionaires; cutting regulations -- that made consumers and workers more vulnerable; failing to make investments that were so critical in growing our middle class over the long term.

And so when I ran for President, my goal was to make sure that we get a set of economic policies in place that would lay the foundation for long-term growth in the 21st century so that the 21st century would be an American Century, just like the 20th century had been.

And that's what we've tried to do over the last 19 months, in the midst of the worst financial crisis that we've seen since the Great Depression.  The first thing we had to do was just stop the bleeding, stabilize the financial system and make sure we didn’t trip into a Great Depression.  And we have done that.

So when I was sworn in on that very cold day in January -- some of you may remember -- we lost 750,000 jobs in that month alone.  Now we've seen eight consecutive months of private sector job growth because of the policies we’ve put in place.

     We were on the verge of financial meltdown.  Anybody who was involved in business at that time remembers banks were not lending at all.  You couldn’t even get an auto loan or a consumer loan.  And now the financial systems have stabilized, although they’re not completely where we need them to be.  The economy was shrinking at a pace of -- an astounding pace of about 6 percent annually.  And now the economy has been growing.

     So we stopped the bleeding, stabilized the economy, but the fact of the matter is, is that the pace of improvement has not been where it needs to be.  And the hole that we had dug ourselves in was enormous.  I mean, we lost 4 million jobs in the last six months of 2008, when I was still running -- we lost 4 million jobs.  And all told, we’ve lost 8 million jobs.  And so even though we’ve grown jobs this year, we haven’t been able to yet make up for those 8 million jobs that had been lost.  And that’s an enormous challenge.

     Now, the second part of the challenge, though, is to make sure that even as we’re digging ourselves out of this hole, we start making some better decisions so that, long term, we don’t find ourselves in the circumstance again, and we start creating the kind of economy that’s working for middle-class families.

     So a couple of things that we did on that front:  We cut taxes for middle-class families because we understand that people’s incomes and wages have not gone up, have not kept pace with increases in health care, increases in college, and so forth.

     The second thing that we felt was very important was to start creating some rules of the road again.  So in financial services, for example, we passed a financial regulatory bill that makes sure that we’re not going to have taxpayer bailouts, makes sure that banks have to operate a little bit more responsibly and take less risks with the money that they’re investing.  And we also made sure that consumers are treated more fairly -- because part of what happened in this financial crisis was people were getting mortgages that they didn't understand.  Suddenly, the bottom fell out of the housing market and banks found themselves in a crisis situation.

     So what we’ve said is let’s make sure that consumers know exactly the kinds of mortgages they're getting.  Let’s make sure that they can’t be steered into these balloon-type payments where there’s no chance that over the long term they're going to be able to make their payments.

     Let’s make sure that credit card companies have to notify you if they're going to increase your interest rates.  And let’s make sure that they can’t increase your interest rates on your existing balances, only on future balances, so that they're not tricking you into suddenly paying exorbitant fees and putting you in the hole over the long term.  (Applause.)

     Gerry likes that one.  (Laughter.)

So we set up a bunch of rules both in the financial services area, in the housing sector and in health care.  And I know that a lot of people here heard a lot about the health care bill.  One of the most important things that that was about was making sure that insurance companies treated you fairly.  So if you’ve got health insurance, companies are not going to be able to drop you from coverage when you get sick, which is part of what had been happening.  They couldn’t deny you insurance because of a preexisting condition or if your child had a preexisting condition, which obviously makes families enormously vulnerable.

     So a set of rules of the road for how companies interact with consumers, how they interact with workers.

     And then the final thing that we’ve tried to do to lay this foundation for long-term economic growth is to put our investments in those things that are really going to make us more competitive over the long term.  So we have made the largest investment in research and development, in basic research and science, in our history, because that's going to determine whether we can compete with China and India and Germany over the long term.  Are we inventing stuff here that we can then export overseas?

     We’re making investments in our infrastructure, because we can’t have a second-class infrastructure and expect to have a first-class economy.  Just an interesting statistic over the last decade:  China spends about 9 percent of its gross domestic product on infrastructure.  Europe spends about 5 percent.  We’ve been spending 2 percent.  And that’s part of the reason why we no longer have the best airports, we no longer have the best rail systems, we don’t have the best broadband service.  South Korea has better broadband service and wireless service than we do.  And over time, that adds up.  It makes us less competitive.  So what we’ve said is we’ve got to make investments in infrastructure.

     A third area -- education.  A generation ago, we had the highest proportion of college graduates of any country in the world.  We now rank 11th or 12th in the proportion of college graduates.  Well, we can’t win in an information society, in a global, technologically wired economy, unless we’re winning that battle to make sure our kids can compete.

     So what we’ve said is we’re going to put more money into higher education and through K-12 -- but here’s the catch -- the money is only going to those communities that are serious about reforming their education system so they work well.  Because it’s -- education is not just a matter of putting more money into it. You also have to make sure that we’ve got the best teachers, that we’ve got accountability, that the way we’re designing our schools help our kids actually succeed over the long term, especially in areas of math and science, where we’re lagging even further behind than we were a generation ago.

     So those are the things that we’ve been trying to do over the last 19 months.  Now, as I said before, the economy is growing, but it’s not growing as fast as we would like.  So over the last week, I’ve put forward a few more things that I think can really make a difference.

     Number one, instead of giving tax breaks to companies that are investing overseas, which our tax code does right now, what I’ve said is let’s close those tax loopholes and let’s provide tax breaks to companies that are investing in research and development here in the United States.  That's a smart thing to do.  We want to incentivize businesses who actually are making profits right now to say, we should go ahead and take a chance, and let’s invest in that next new thing.

     Second is -- what I’ve proposed is, is that we allow companies to write off essentially their new investments early if they make those investments here in 2011, so essentially accelerating the depreciation that they can take on their taxes to encourage them to frontload making investments now.

     The third thing that we’ve proposed -- and this is actually pending right now in the Senate, the United States Senate, because Gerry and Jim have already voted on it, is a small business package that would eliminate capital gains taxes for small businesses, would help small businesses obtain loans.  It is a common-sense bill that traditionally would have garnered a lot of bipartisan support, but we’re in the political silly season right now so it’s been blocked up by the Senate Republicans for the last month and a half, two months.

Small businesses are still having trouble getting loans.  And what we want to do, even though we’ve already given them eight different tax breaks, is we want to say we’re going to give you just a little bit more incentive, because if we can get small businesses growing and investing and opening their doors and hiring new workers, that's probably going to be the area where we can make the most progress over the next year in terms of accelerating employees and reducing the unemployment rate.

     So these are all steps that we’re taking right now to try to move the economy forward.  Now, I have never been more confident about the future of our economy, if we stay on track and we deal with some of these longstanding problems that we hadn’t dealt with for decades.

If we make investments and improve our education system; if we make investments in research and development; if we make investments in things like clean energy so that we’ve got an energy policy that’s not just tied to importing oil from the Middle East but instead start figuring out how can we develop our homegrown industries; if we have a tax system that is fair and helps the middle class, and that also attends to our long-term deficit problems; if we regulate -- but not with a heavy hand -- just regulate enough to make sure that we don’t have a collapse of the financial system, and consumers aren’t taken advantage of, and health insurance companies are responsive to ordinary families -- if we do those things, there’s no reason why we can’t succeed.

     And I’ve travelled all around the world and I’ve looked at all the economic data.  If you had a choice of which country you’d want to be, you still want to be the United States of America.  We still have a huge competitive edge and we’ve got the best workers in the world.  And we’ve got the most dynamic economy in the world.  We’ve got the best universities, the best entrepreneurs in the world.

     But we’ve got to tackle these longstanding problems that have been getting in the way of progress, and we’ve got to do it now.  We can’t wait another 20 years or another 30 years because other countries are catching up.  That’s what we’ve been trying to do over the last two years.

     Now, some of these things, I got to admit, are hard. They cause great consternation.  When we tried to get some common-sense rules in the financial sector, for example, that means billions of dollars that were going to profits to some of the banks are not going to be going there because you’re getting a better deal on your credit card, and they’re not happy about it. So that ends up creating a lot of drama on Capitol Hill.  And it means that we’ve had some very contentious debates.

     But I just want to close by saying this.  Ultimately, when I get out of Washington and I start talking to families like yours, what I’m struck by is not how divided the country is, but I’m actually struck by how basically people have common values, common concerns and common hopes.  They want to be able to find a job that pays a decent wage; give their family -- and their children, in particular -- a bright future; be able to retire with some dignity and respect; not get bankrupt when they get sick.

And that cuts across region; it cuts across racial lines; it cuts across religious or ethnic lines.  People -- there’s a core set of American values that I think people across the country respond to.

     And what I want to do is make sure that the government is on the side of those values, of responsibility and hard work and thinking about future generations and not just thinking about the next election.  And I think we’ve made progress, but we’ve got more progress to make.

     So with that, I thank you all for being here.  And what I want to do is I just want to answer questions.  And I know folks in the sun are hot, so I’m going to stand in the sun to make sure that you know that I feel -- (laughter) -- I feel your pain, as they -- absolutely.  I wouldn’t mind having that hat, though.  (Laughter.)  That's helpful.  I should have thought ahead.

     All right, anybody want to -- John, go ahead.  Yes.  Here, hold on a second.  I’ll give you a mic, so -- oh, we’ve got one.

     Q    Mr. President, thank you very much for coming. We really appreciate it.  It’s a great opportunity.  I’m an engineer.  And you talked a lot about R&D and infrastructure and -- I love every dollar spent on that, by definition.  I’m also a paraplegic.  And I have a great interest in stem cell research and how it gets furthered.  So how do we get this issue to be a scientific issue instead of a political issue?

     THE PRESIDENT:  Well, John, as you know I have been a huge supporter of stem cell research for a very long time.  When I came into office, we said that what’s going to govern our decision-making here is sound science.

     There are legitimate ethical issues involved in all this -- the biotech industry, and those are going to continue as time goes on.  I mean, there are some very tricky questions.  And we’ve got to make sure that our values and our ethical standards are incorporated in everything we do.  But we’ve also got to make sure that we’re making decisions not based on ideology, but based on what the science is.

     Now, the executive order that I signed would say that we are not going to create embryos to destroy for scientific research.  We’re not going to do that.

     On the other hand, when you’ve got a whole bunch of embryos that were created because families were trying -- couples were trying to start a family, and through in-vitro fertilization, they're frozen in some canister somewhere, and are going to be discarded anyway, then it makes sense for us to take those who -- that are going to be destroyed and use them to advance our scientific knowledge to see if at some point we can start making huge progress on a whole set of issues.

Obviously, spinal cord injuries are an example, but Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, juvenile diabetes.  There’s not a single family here who has not in some way been touched by a disease that could end up benefiting from the research that’s done on stem cells.

     Now, recently a District Court judge said that not only -- well, essentially said that our executive order he felt went too far beyond what the guidelines that Congress had provided before I came into office.  Although, the way he had written the order, it made it seem like even Bush’s orders were out of line and that you have to stop stem cell research altogether.

     We are appealing that.  We’re challenging it.  And what we’re going to keep on doing on a whole range of these decisions is to make sure that I’m talking to scientists and ethicists and others, and try to build a common-sense consensus that allows us to make progress over the long term.

     Q    Mr. President, it’s a privilege for me to be here.  You talk about the small business loans.  My company is a high-tech company.  And we are growing, and we are providing high-tech jobs for Americans.  How can we ensure that banking and lending institutions are going to actually lend money to small businesses?  There have been numbers of steps done in that way, but so far I’ve been denied a loan twice and only got the -- for the third time after I asked for SBA-backed loan.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Right.  Tell me more about your business, by the way.  I’ve actually read about it.  But tell -- people here I think would be interested, because you’re working on clean energy issues.

     Q    This is correct, yes.  I have two lines of business; clean energy part where we are actually trying to get companies to become green and change their practices so that they follow a sustainability practice as the regular ways.  And the second part of my business is high-tech.  We are doing IT consulting and IT services for federal government and Fortune 500 companies.

     THE PRESIDENT:  How many employees do you have right now?

     Q    About 94.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Ninety-four?

     Q    Yes.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Well, look, part of the answer is what you already spoke about, which is SBA, the Small Business Administration.  We have doubled the number of small business loans that we’ve been giving through the SBA.  We’ve waived a lot of fees on those loans because we knew that small businesses were getting harder hit than just about anybody during the financial crisis.  They were the ones where the banks were pulling back the most.  So we tried to fill that void as the banks were getting well, making sure the small businesses could keep their doors open.

     But even by doubling the number of SBA loans, there’s still not enough capital to meet all the demand for small businesses across the country.

     That's why this bill that we’re looking to pass this week out of the Senate, and that Gerry and Jim already voted for, is so important -- because what it would do is it would take funding authorization to provide to community banks, who are most likely to give loans to small businesses, but it would say to those banks, you know what, we’re going to hold you accountable for actually lending the money.  So -- because what we don't want to do is just help the banks boost their balance sheets, but they’re never getting the money out of the door.

     Over the long term, we think that there are going to be enormous opportunities for banks to make money with businesses like yours, because yours are the ones that grow.  But they’re still feeling gun shy because of what happened on Wall Street.

     And in fairness to a lot of the community banks, they weren’t the ones who were making big bets on derivatives, but they were punished nonetheless.  They’ve been hit really hard in the housing market.  They’ve been hit on their portfolios.  They’ve been trying to strengthen their portfolios.  But when we provide these loan guarantees through the SBA, or we provide cheaper money to them that they can then lend out, and as long as we’re monitoring them to make sure that they actually lend those monies to small businesses, they’re the ones that are most likely to get that money out the door.

     This bill is very important.  It has been held up now for a couple of months, unnecessarily.  There was an article in The USA Today just about three weeks ago that said small businesses were actually holding off on hiring because they weren’t sure whether some of these tax cuts that they were going to get, as well as some of these lending facilities, would actually be set up.

And you hear some of my friends on the Republican side complaining that, well, we’d get more business investment if we had more certainty.  Well, here’s an example where we could give some certainty right away.  Pass this bill.  I will sign it into law the day after it’s passed or the day it is passed.  And then right away I think a lot of small businesses around the country will feel more comfortable about hiring and making investments.

     Q    -- this is what’s happening right now is that, you know, I have contracts and I am ready to hire 20 more people.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Right.

     Q    But nobody is going to give me additional loan right now.  I mean, I had an off-the-record conversation with the vice president of one bank and they said, it’s simply we’ve made a decision not to loan to small businesses; it’s simply more profitable to us to invest this money elsewhere.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Well, that’s why it’s so important to make sure that if they are getting help from us in terms of having more money to lend, that they actually lend it out and they lend it to small businesses.  And we’ve to make a direct link between the help that they’re getting and them actually lending the money.  That’s going to be critical.

     All right, who’s next?  Yes, over here.

     Q    I'm John’s sister, Wendy.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Hey, Wendy.  How are you?

     Q    I’m so honored and delighted to be here.  Thank you.

     THE PRESIDENT:  You must be John’s younger sister.

     Q    Yes, definitely, definitely.  (Laughter.)

     THE PRESIDENT:  That’s what I figured.

     Q    No, he’s my kid brother.  And I actually am the stringer in from Boston with that hockey team you’re meeting with this afternoon.

     THE PRESIDENT:  There you go.  Yes, I’ve been looking forward to congratulating them.

     Q    I would tell you just a little story, which is when I was in high school here at Woodson High School, I got involved in historic preservation.  And I worked on an archeology dig.  I researched the history of an old house.  I helped move the one-room Legato schoolhouse from out in the country into town hall to restore it as a piece of our county’s history.  And that launched my lifelong career is historic preservation.  And so I guess -- and I know you are interested in history and have studied particularly, I think, I’ve read, President Lincoln and the way he created a cabinet and so on.  So I know you value our nation’s history.  And I guess my question for you is, what are your thoughts about what we’re doing in your administration to invest in preserving our nation’s history and our historic places?

     And one little job-generating idea I’d give you is that all the studies show that renovating existing buildings, restoring historic buildings is more labor intensive than materials intensive.  It creates more jobs.  They’re local jobs for local people.  So I hope that might be part of your jobs strategy.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Well, I am a huge booster of historic preservation.  If I wasn’t, Michelle would get on me because she used to actually -- in Chicago, used to be on the historic -- on the landmark commission there.  And we live in a landmark district in Chicago.  So this is something that we care deeply about.

     I guess I’d broaden the point to say that not only should we be thinking about historic preservation, but we should also be thinking about our national parks, our national forests.  There’s this treasure that we inherited from the previous generation, dating back to Teddy Roosevelt.  And that requires us to continually renew that commitment to our historic structures and our natural resource base, so that when Trevor and Olivia and those guys have their kids, when you guys have your grandkids, that that stuff is there for them, too.

     So we have actually tried to ramp up our commitment to these issues.  We’ve, where we can, put a little bit more money into it.  But a lot of it’s not just more money; it’s also more planning.  And the Recovery Act gave a range of grants to state and local governments in some cases around preservation issues.

     Now, one point -- one other point I want to make, though -- and you were mentioning how renovation oftentimes will actually generate more jobs than new construction.  A related idea is what we can do to make our existing buildings and housing stock more energy efficient, because it turns out that we could probably cut about a third of our total energy use just on efficiency.  We wouldn’t need new technologies.  We wouldn’t need to invent some fancy new fusion energy or anything.  If we just took our existing building stock in homes and insulated them, had new windows -- schools, hospitals, a lot of big institutions -- we could squeeze huge efficiencies out of that.

There’s a lot of ways to be had, and that would benefit everybody.  It would mean that over time we were helping to save the planet by reducing our carbon footprint.  People would be paying less on their electricity bills and their heating bills and their air-conditioning bills.  So it helps consumers.

The problem -- the reason we haven’t done more of this is because it requires some capital on the front end.  I mean, a lot of school districts, for example, would love to retrofit their schools, but they’re having problems just keeping teachers on payroll right now, so they always put off those investments.

And one of the things that we tried to do through the Recovery Act, and something that I know that Gerry and Jim have been interested in, is something called Home Star that we’ve been working on -- is to essentially provide families as well as small businesses, as well as institutions like schools or hospitals, grants up front, where we say, all right, we’re going to give you $10,000 to retrofit your building or your house.  And then you’re going to pay us back through your savings on utilities over a five-year period, for example, so that over time, it doesn’t cost taxpayers a lot of money, but we’re essentially giving some money up front that’s going to then be recouped.

And I think there are a lot of ideas that we can pursue on that front that could really make a difference and put a lot of people back to work, whether they’re the folks selling the insulation at Home Depot, or the small contractor that for a long time was remodeling kitchens or putting in home additions -- maybe that business has dried up.  This would be a new area for them to get put to work.

     And about one out of four construction -- one out of four jobs that have been lost during this recession are related to the construction industry in some fashion.  Those folks have been hit harder than just about anybody else.  This would be an important boost for them.

     Q    If I could add to that, just one thing, which is, it’s really not necessary to replace the windows to get that energy efficiency.  Didn’t somebody write about the caulking gun?

        THE PRESIDENT:  Caulking is --

     Q    It’s a lot less expensive.  (Laughter.)

     THE PRESIDENT:  Absolutely.  Cash for caulkers.  (Laughter.)  Good point.

     All right, gentleman right there.

     Q    Mr. President, my name is Mark Murphy.  I’m a neighbor of John and Nicole.  Welcome to our neighborhood.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Thank you.  It’s a beautiful neighborhood.

Q    And before I say anything more, I'd be remiss, and my children would be not letting me back home, if I didn’t say hi to you.

THE PRESIDENT:  What are their names?

Q    Andrew, Tim, and Ellie, and my beautiful wife, Shannon.

THE PRESIDENT:  Tell everybody I said hi.

Q    Thank you.  Now, the question I have for you is, I’m a union-side labor attorney in D.C.  And I know you have some background in that.  And your comments here today and both -- your Labor Day comments struck me and my colleagues about the shrinking middle class, and those jobs that were lost, and how you’re going to and your administration is going to replace those jobs.

I work every day with working-class, blue-collar workers; I deal with a lot of different issues.  One of the issues that is dear to my heart and I know a lot of my colleague and union members is the Employee Free Choice Act.  And for people who don't know about that, it’s just basically an act, a law that would make it easier to unionize.  And it’s proven that unions -- unionized employees get better wages and better benefits.  And unfortunately that act hasn’t been passed yet and I just wanted to hear your thoughts on that.  Thank you.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Well, a little bit of background, for those who aren’t as familiar with it.  The Employee Free Choice Act is in response to 20, 30 years where it’s become more and more difficult for unions to just get a fair election and have their employers actually negotiate with them.

I mean, the laws that have been on the books have gotten more and more difficult to apply.  A lot of times, companies who may be good employers but just don’t want the bother of having a union will work very hard to make sure a union doesn’t develop.  And they will drag out the process for a very long time, and in some cases, workers who are joining unions or want to join a union or are helping to organize one may get intimidated.

     And so the idea behind the Employee Free Choice Act is let’s just make the playing field even.  We don’t have to force anybody to be in a union, but if they want to join a union let’s make it a little easier for them to go ahead and sign up.

     Now, the answer -- the short answer to your question is, we are very supportive of this.  Frankly, we don’t have 60 votes in the Senate.  So the opportunity to actually get this passed right now is not real high.  What we’ve done instead is try to do as much as we can administratively to make sure that it’s easier for unions to operate and that they’re not being placed at an unfair disadvantage.

     Let me speak more broadly, though, about the point that you just made.  So many things we take for granted came about because of the union movement -- minimum wage, 40-hour workweek, child labor laws -- you name it -- weekends -- a lot of these things came about because people were fighting for them.  They didn't come about automatically and naturally.

     The other thing that unions did, particularly in the manufacturing sector, was it gave a base for blue-collar workers to get a middle-class wage, which meant that essentially the guys working at the Ford plant could afford to buy a Ford.  And so it increased demand overall and, ironically, it meant that businesses had more customers and could make more money.

Now, we now live in an era of international competition.  And that makes it harder for businesses.  I mean I think we should acknowledge that the business environment now is much more competitive than it was back in the 1960s or ‘70s.  Technology has made it more difficult for businesses to compete.  Transportation has made it more difficult to compete.  The costs for shipping big, manufactured goods from China to the United States -- or high volumes of goods from Japan or Korea or Malaysia, or Indonesia to the United States is a lot cheaper now than it was.  So what that means is, we’ve got to be sympathetic to business concerns that they don't get priced out of the market if they're competing internationally.

     And I think the best way to balance that is to make sure that business interests here in the United States, and labor interests -- workers’ interests here in the United States are aligned; make sure that businesses are looking after their workers and giving them a good deal.  But workers and unions also have to think about businesses and not put them in a position where they’re potentially priced out of the marketplace.

Now, I think that that balance is tilted way too far against unions these days.  And I think that actually if we had some of these businesses with employees who were there for a longer term, were more loyal, they weren’t worried about their jobs being shipped overseas, that that would actually be good for the economy as a whole and would be good for businesses here as a whole.

     But we have to acknowledge that competition means that businesses and workers here in the United States have to be better trained, better skilled, more competitive, leaner, meaner. And we’ve got to invent more stuff so that we constantly are working on high-end jobs as opposed to the low-end jobs -- because the truth is the low-end jobs, we’re never going to be able to compete on the basis of price.  I mean, there’s always going to be a country -- actually, wages are starting to go up a little bit in China.  Our problem is not China.  The next is going to be Vietnam or it’s going to be Bangladesh or -- there’s always going to be someplace in the world where they pay lower wages.

Our advantage is going to be if we have higher skills, we have a workforce that works together more effectively, that our businesses are better organized -- if we have that, then I think that we can compete against anybody.

     And one of -- a good example is actually Germany, which has a much higher rate of unionization than we do.  But they’ve actually been able to continue to export at very high levels and compete all around the world, mainly because they’ve got such a highly skilled workforce, they’re putting together high-end products that can compete with anybody.

     Yes, right here.  A mic is coming.

     Q    Hi, Mr. President.  It’s an honor.  I’m so nervous.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Don’t be nervous.

     Q    Oh, I am so nervous.  I love everything you’re doing.  I love your vision.  I’m so glad you got into office.  I love medical -- health care reform.  Where I come from, when we have to go to the doctor, we went to the doctor.  If we needed surgery, we got surgery.  And then I came here and found out, oh, my gosh, you need insurance -- you need this, you need that -- which I could never afford on the salary I make.  Now I’m very lucky.  My husband -- unfortunately, he is in the construction business -- but hopefully, that’s going to come back.

     So my question is also -- I work for Fairfax County public schools, and I haven’t had a raise in two years and I may not even have a job next year -- because I hear it’s going to get worse before it’s going to get better.  Do you agree with that?  Like, I mean, I know it’s -- we’re starting to improve and jobs are starting to come back, but how long do you think this is going to take?  It sounds wonderful.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Well, first of all, you have a better chance of keeping your job in the public school systems now, because Gerry and Jim voted to close a pretty egregious tax loophole that was incentivizing jobs going overseas and that even some corporations that stood to benefit thought was ridiculous.  They closed that loophole in order to fund teacher jobs and police officer jobs and firefighter jobs all across the country.  So that’s been very helpful in providing assistance to school districts that are strapped.

        The economy is improving.  But one of the headwinds that the economy is experiencing is actually that state and local governments have been getting really hard hit.  Now, we gave states a lot of help at the beginning of this crisis because their budgets were just imploding.  And typically state and local governments, they get hit faster by declines in tax revenues and property tax -- obviously they’re relying on property taxes, and with the housing market collapsing, that was really hitting them hard.  And so they were looking at possibly laying -- slashing 30 percent of jobs in school districts or in social services.

And one of the most effective ways of preventing this from tipping over into a Great Depression was giving them help.  The problem is some of that help is running out.  And property tax revenues haven’t improved yet; sales tax revenues haven’t improved yet as much as they’d like.  So local districts, states, are still having big budget problems, and they’ll probably have those big budget problems next year.

     Now, the challenge we have is, ironically, that if you start laying off a whole bunch of teachers, or a whole bunch of police officers or firefighters, now they don’t have a job, which means they spend less, which means that there’s less tax revenue.  And you start getting into a vicious, downward spiral.

     So that's why the steps that we took were so important.  And I’ve got to say, this is an example of where you’ve just got a fundamental disagreement between Republican leadership right now and Democrats.  John Boehner, who stands -- wants to be the Speaker -- the next Speaker of the House, if the Republicans take over, he specifically said, well, these are just government jobs and they're not worth saving.  And he fought -- he voted no on closing this tax loophole that was incentivizing jobs from going overseas.

Now, it’s just not smart from an economic perspective for us to allow a whole bunch of those jobs that are right here in the United States to go away while we’re giving tax revenue away to companies that are creating jobs somewhere else.  It just doesn’t make sense.

     And so we’re going to continue to have some of these battles over the next several years.  And I think that, frankly, how state and local governments are able to deal with these budget challenges next year is in part going to depend on whether the people who are making the decisions are Jim and Gerry, or whether they're John Boehner -- because they’ve just got a different set priorities.  And I don't know about you, but I like these guys making these decisions more than the other folks.  (Applause.)  But that's just my unbiased opinion.

     All right.  Yes, go ahead.

        Q    Mr. President, thank you so much for visiting us here in Mantua.  It’s quite an honor.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Thank you.

     Q    I think my question is kind of a good segue on that.  We do face -- the political environment has changed a lot since you were elected.  And I think with the upcoming midterm elections, you can certainly expect a lot of new faces in Congress, and certainly a lot of new representatives and senators are going to have been elected on platforms that are really opposed to government intervention in the economy.  What’s your plan for working with the new Congress to make sure we get the actions that you see are necessary to end the recession?  And what do you see as really common ground with Republicans in Congress for some of the solutions that can bring the recession to an end?

     THE PRESIDENT:  Well, let me just say that I don't believe in wholesale government intervention in the economy.  My starting point is, is that what makes us the wealthiest, most dynamic country on Earth is a free-market system where small business owners are creating jobs, and what start off as small businesses like AOL end up being big businesses, and some kid at Harvard starts something called Facebook, and the next thing you know it’s revolutionized part of our economy.  That's our strength.

     So that's a starting point where Republicans and Democrats should be able to come together.  We all believe in that.

     But there are some fundamental differences.  At the beginning of the crisis, for government not to intervene when the financial system was on the verge of meltdown, and we were shedding hundreds of thousands of jobs a month, and the credit markets had just frozen completely -- for us not to intervene in that situation would have been simply irresponsible -- would have been irresponsible.  And I don’t know a economist, Democrat or Republican, who would suggest otherwise.  It would have been simply irresponsible.

     So that’s -- so some of these steps that we had to take had to do with emergency situations.  A great example is the auto industry.  When we decided to intervene -- keep this in mind:  We had been bailing out the auto industry for years under the previous administration.  The difference was we hadn’t ever asked them anything in return.  So they kept on with their bad practices, creating cars that, frankly, in this kind of energy environment, weren’t the cars of the future.  And they never changed their practices.

     So what we said was, you know what, we’re going to help you, but this time we’re going to help you by also restructuring.  And we’re going to bring all the stakeholders together -- the workers, management, shareholders -- and we’re going to say if taxpayers are going to help you out, you’ve got to change how you do business.  And they have.  And they emerged from bankruptcy and now you’ve got all three U.S. auto companies operating at a profit.

     If we had not taken that step, we would have lost a million jobs in the auto industry.  You would not have an auto -- maybe Ford might have survived.  GM and Chrysler definitely would not have.  And the ripple effects on the economy would have been devastating.

     So sometimes you make these decisions not because you believe in government intervention, per se.  You make these decisions because we’ve got a crisis and we’ve got to respond.

     Now, right now we’ve got a disagreement also on taxes.  Jim, Gerry, the vast majority of Democrats, think that because wages and incomes had flat-lined for middle-class families, which we define as less than $250,000 a year, that they should definitely get an extension of the tax cuts that were instituted in 2001, 2003.

     Now, keep in mind that if you make more than $250,000 a year, you’d still get a tax cut.  It’s just you’d only get it up to your first $250,000.  So if you make half a million dollars a year, you still get tax relief on the first half of your income. If you made a million, it would be the first quarter of your income.  After that, you’d go back to the rates that were in place when Bill Clinton was President -- which I just want to remind everybody, at that time we had 22 million jobs created, much faster income and wage growth, the economy was humming pretty good.

     We could get that done this week.  But we’re still in this wrestling match with John Boehner and Mitch McConnell about the last 2 to 3 percent, where, on average, we’d be giving them $100,000 for people making a million dollars or more -- which in and of itself would be okay, except to do it, we’d have to borrow $700 billion over the course of 10 years.  And we just can’t afford it.

     Now, I wanted to lay out those differences before I talked about where I think we can work together.  Where I think we have a great opportunity to work together is on the issue of our long-term debt.

Our big challenge right now is creating jobs and making sure the economy takes off.  And the steps that we’ve been taking, including cutting taxes for small businesses, providing loans for small businesses, accelerating depreciation -- those steps can encourage investment right now.  They cost some money, but they're wise investments because right now our number one focus has to be jobs, jobs, jobs, and encouraging business investment. But on the horizon, sort of in the middle term and the long term, we do have a very real problem with debt and deficits.

     And I have to say that I understand a lot of people who are upset on the other side.  And some of them were rallying in D.C. today -- or yesterday.  I do understand people’s legitimate fears about are we hocking our future because we’re borrowing so much to finance debt and deficits.  I understand that.  They saw the Recovery Act.  They saw TARP.  They saw the auto bailout.  They look at this and -- God, all these huge numbers adding up.  So they’re right to be concerned about that.

     And I think that there’s an opportunity for Democrats and Republicans to come together and to say, what are the tough decisions we’ve got to make right now that won’t squash the recovery, won’t lead to huge numbers of teacher layoffs -- short term we don’t want to constrict too much early -- but how can we get ourselves on a trajectory where midterm and long term we’re starting to bring our debt and deficits slowly under control?

     Now, I set up a bipartisan fiscal commission that’s designed to start coming up with answers.  And they’re supposed to report back to me right after the election.  That was on purpose, by the way.  We said, don’t give us the answer before the election because nobody will have an honest conversation about it, everybody will posture politically.  But as soon as the election is over, report to us and let’s see if Democrats and Republicans can come together to make some tough decisions.

     And, by the way, they are going to be some tough decisions.

People, I think, have a sense that somehow if we just eliminated a few pork projects and foreign aid, that somehow we would solve our debt.  The big problem with our debt is actually the costs of Medicare and Medicaid.  Our health care system is by far the thing that is exploding faster than anything.  And as the population gets older and it’s using more health care services, if we don't get control of that, we can’t control our long-term debt.  That's why health care reform was so important -- because we’re trying to rationalize and make the system smarter, but that's only one piece of it.  We’ve also got to look at everything from defense budgets to food stamps.  You name it, we’ve got to look at it and see are there ways that we can reduce our costs over the long term.

But we can’t give away $700 billion to folks who don't need it and think somehow that we’re going to balance our budget.  It’s not going to happen.

That's one area where I think we can make progress.

A second area where I hope we can still make progress is on energy.  Everybody agrees our energy policy doesn’t make sense.  We don't have an energy policy.  We’ve talked about this since Richard Nixon.  Remember OPEC, ’73, and oil -- lines at the gas station?  And every President has said this is a national security issue, this is a crisis, we’ve got to do something about it.  But we don't do anything about it.

So my suggestion is let’s both -- let’s join hands, Democrats and Republicans, and go ahead and take the leap and try to solve this problem.  And there’s not a silver bullet, there’s not one magic solution to our energy problems.  We’re going to have to use a bunch of different strategies.

I already mentioned efficiency.  That has to be a huge push. With respect to transportation sector, one of the things that we did without legislation -- nobody has really noticed this, but this was huge -- we increased fuel-efficiency standards on cars for the first time in 30 years -- cars and trucks.  And we got the car companies and auto workers to agree to it, not just environmentalists.  That's going to help.

We’ve got look at nuclear energy.  Historically, a lot of environmentalists have said, oh, we don't like nuclear energy.  There are real problems with storage, et cetera.  But if we’re concerned about global warming and greenhouse gases, nuclear energy is a legitimate fuel -- energy source that the Japanese and the French have been using much more intelligently than we have.  We’ve got huge reservoirs of natural gas that are relatively clean, but we’ve got to use those in an environmentally sound way.  We’ve got to develop those in an environmentally sound way.  So that's an area where I think that we can still hopefully make some progress.

And the last thing I’ll say -- and some people disagree with me on this.  They think it’s too incendiary, it’s too politically difficult, et cetera.  I think we need to reform our immigration system, and we should be able to find a way that secures our borders and provides people who are already here a pathway so that they are out of the shadows.  They're paying a fine.  They're learning English.  They're getting assimilated, but they're not living in fear.  We should be able to do that.

     And we had 11 Republican senators who voted for it, including John McCain was a cosponsor of the bill -- we should be able to get that done again.  Because everybody agrees that the system we’ve got right now is broken.

     And one last thing I wanted to mention is actually education.  The reason I didn't mention up front is this has been one of the few areas where I’ve actually gotten some compliments from Republicans.  (Laughter.)  I think the strategy that we have right now -- which is to maintain high standards, work with states in a smart way to develop curriculums, teacher-training strategies, to boost our higher education -- institutions of higher education -- that's an area where we should all agree. Because it’s indisputable that if we are working smarter, if our kids are better trained, then we will succeed.  And if they’re not, it doesn’t really matter what else we do -- over time, we’re going to decline.

     All right, I’ve got time for one more question.  I’m going to call on this young lady right here.

     Q    I’m really nervous.  Thank you, Mr. President, for being here.  There’s a lot of people sending you a lot of good energy, one being my 82-year-old aunt.  She wanted me to make sure I told you that.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Tell her I said hi.

     Q    Okay.  I’m a massage therapist and --

     THE PRESIDENT:  I’ve got a crick in my neck right here.  (Laughter.)

     Q    Yes, I bet you do.

     THE PRESIDENT:  A lot of tension has been building up.  (Laughter.)

     Q    Do you get a regular massage?  (Laughter.)

     THE PRESIDENT:  Go ahead, go ahead.

     Q    One prevailing theme that comes here in my practice is fear.  And on an energetic level, what I would like to see you institute or get started, bipartisan, is to alleviate people’s fears of spending $5.  I know this is like -- it sounds so basic. But if we go out there and spend a little bit, it’s going to come back around.  It works.  I mean, you’ve got a program here where you’ve got -- you’re giving a tax break to those companies that hire returning vets.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Right.

     Q    You have a $2,400 tax break.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Right.

     Q    Well, who are those companies?  I would patronize a company that’s making the effort of going out and hiring these people.  I mean, you’ve got to spend it to get it back.  And there’s just this prevailing fear all the time and it doesn’t have -- it comes down to $5, $10, whatever, you got to put it out there and it will start the momentum going.

Q    It would also be some good news.

     THE PRESIDENT:  Well, look, I think you are absolutely right that some of this is psychology.  Look, the country went through a huge trauma.  The body politic is like an individual in the sense that if they go through a really bad accident and you’re in a cast and got a little whiplashed and bruised and battered, it takes some time to recover.  And that’s what happened to our economy.  We went through a really bad accident.

     It was a preventable one, by the way.  If we had had some more rules of the road in place, if we’d had better economic policies, we could have prevented it.  But it is what it is.  We went through this.

        You’re absolutely right, though, that now part of what’s holding us back is us needing to go ahead and feel confident about the future.  Now, that’s not the only thing holding us back.  Let’s be realistic.  Part of the reason people aren’t spending is they had maxed out on their credit cards, and people, quite sensibly, said to themselves, you know what, this is probably a good time for us to reflect on the fact that we were buying a bunch of stuff that maybe we should get in the future but we weren’t quite there yet and we should run down our debts. And people have done that.  People have been paying down their debts a lot more over the last year than they had in the previous five or 10 years.

A lot of people were borrowing against their homes -- home equity loans.  One of the things that I always -- Michelle and I always laugh about is when people talk about us, I think they forget that we were basically living the same lives as John and Nicole, just -- it wasn’t that long ago.  It was like six, seven years ago.  I still remember the first time I refinanced our -- we had a condo, and we had gotten higher -- initially, we had gotten higher rates.  And then -- because we bought it in 1993. And sometime around ’97 or ’98 -- I don’t remember exactly when  -- the rates had gone down like a couple of percent.  And we said, well, it makes sense for us to go to refinance.

     And I still remember talking to the bank.  And they said, you can refinance and you can take some money out.  And I said, well, what does that mean?  They said, well, your house -- your condo has appreciated so much that you can take -- it’s like found money.

     And I remember thinking at the time, well that doesn’t sound right.  (Laughter.)  But it was -- but that was -- everybody, I think, was so certain that homes were appreciating, and they would always appreciate, and so it just made everybody feel a lot richer.

     Now, homes suddenly start dropping in value.  You don't have that kind of equity.  And so people feel a little bit less wealthy; 401(k)s still haven’t fully recovered; 529s, the college portfolios that people put together, they still haven’t fully recovered.  So there are legitimate and real reasons why people have pulled back a little bit.

But having said all that, I want to end on the point that you’re making, which is that we have averted the worst.  The economy is now growing.  There are enormous opportunities out there.  There are people who are inventing stuff that will be the new products of the future all across this country.  There are young people who, when I meet them, they are talented and they’re energetic, and they feel confident about America.

If you travel overseas, as tough as this recession has been for us, the truth of the matter is, is that most countries still envy the United States.  And there are billions of people around the world who would die to be here and have that opportunity to prosper and be part of this great middle class of ours.

And so my hope is -- and this goes to the question of the previous gentleman -- what can Republicans and Democrats do together after this election is stop spending so much time attacking the other side, and spend a little more time focusing on what’s good and what’s right about America, and what opportunities we have.  (Applause.)  And if we do that, then I’m absolutely confident that we’re going to move forward for a long time to come.

Thank you very much, everybody.  God bless you.  (Applause.)

                                  END                3:00 P.M. EDT